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NATIONAL  DEFEKS3  CONFERENCE  HELD  UNDER 
THE  AUSPICES  OF  THE  COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL 
DEFENCE,  WASHINGTON,  D,  C. 
MAY  3  AND  3,  1917, 


0 


Vi 


STATE 

AlcliOiii-icl 

Arizona 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Delaware 

District  or* 
Columbia 

Florida 

Georgia 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana 

I  owa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Montana 

lie  eras  ka 

Nevada 


represemtativec  atteitdiitq 
hatiomal  de?e:?-'  cohfekesjce 
washihgtoit,  d.  c. 

MAY  8-3  1S17 


17AME 
Richard  11.    Hpbbie 

Dwight  B.  Heard 
Lloyd  England 
Benjamin  Ide  Wheeler 
Gerold  Hughes 
Marcus  H.  Holconb 
Thomas  17.  Miller 

William  H.  Baldwin 
J.  S.  Maxwell 

IT*  E.  Harris 
Janes  H.  Hawley 
Samuel  Insull 
Ai  Ri   Reynolds 
W.  L.  Harding 
H.  J.  Waters 
Embry  L.  Sv;earingen 
R.  G.  Pleasant 
Carl  E.  Milliken 
Carl  R.  Gray 
James  J.  St or row 
Roy  C.  Vandercook 
C,  W.  March 
Theo.  G-  Bilbo 
F.  3.  Mum* or d 
C.  J.  Kelly 
R.  M.  Joyce 
Emmet  D.  Eoyle 


ADDRESS 


-lev  Hampshire    John  3.  Jameson 


Mont  go^  isry 

Phoenix 

Little  Rock 

Berkeley 

Denver 

Southington 

Wilmington 

Washington 

Jacksonville 

Atlanta 

Boise 

Chicago 

Crawf ordsville 

Des  Moines 

Manhattan 

Louisville 

Baton  Rouge 

Augusta 

Baltimore 

Boston 

Lans  ing 

Litchfield 

Jackson 

Columbia 

Butte 

Lincoln 

Carson  City 

Concord 


38fc379 


*  * 


Tennessee 

Texas 

Veriuont 
Virginia 
Washington 
West  Virginia 
Wi aeons in 
Wyouing 


NAME 
C.  W.  Barber 
\'«\  A.  Hawkins 
Louis  W,  S totes br_ry 
Joseph  Hyde  Pratt 
Lynn  J.  Frazier 
George  H.  Food 
J.  II.  Aydelotte 
Robert  IT.  StanfielcL 
George  W.  Pepper 
George  H.  Webb 
Christie  Benet 
Ellwood  C.  Perisho 
Rv.t  i e  d ge  Suit  h 
Joseph  Ilirsch 
A.  IT.  He  Kay 
Ira  L.  Reeves 
R.  Walton  Moore 
Ernest  Lister 
John  J.  Cornwell 
Magnus  Sv/enson 
Henry  G.  Knight 


ADDRESS 
Trenton 
Three  Rivers 
Albany 
Chapel  Hill 
Bismarck 
Columbus 
Oklahoma 
Standi eld 
Philadelphia 
Providence 
Columbia 
Brookings 
Cookeville 
Corpus  Christi 
Salt  Lake  City 
Horthiield 
Fairfax 
Olympia 
Charleston 
Madison 
Laramie 


ASSOCIATE  REPRESENTATIVES  ATTEND I1TG 
NATIONAL  DEFENSE  CONFERENCE 
WASHINGTON  D  C 
KAY  3-3   1917 


STATE 

Connecticut 

Georgia 
Illinois 
Indiana 
Iowa 

Kansas 

Mains 
Maryland, 
3saoh*j.sotts 

llichigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New  Jersey 

New  York 
Virginia 
West  Virginia 

Wisconsin 


IT  A!  IE 

J.  W.  Alsop 

L.  F.  Burpee 
John  H,  Brooks 
Richard  M.  Bissell 

F.  R.  Jones 

F.  H,  Newell 

Ernest  U.  Smith 

J.  L.  Kennedy 

0.  A.  Boyle 
Emerson  Carey 
Henry  Lassen 

H»  IX.  Sewall 

Emerson  C.  Harrington 

Wallace  B.  Donhom 

Alex.  J.  Groesbock 
C.  E.  Webb 

Charles  W.  Ames 
J.  P.  He  Gee 

Frederick  Sullens 

Geo.  fit,  Harries 

S.  G.  Dinsuore 

Lev/is  H.  Carris 
Lewis  T.  Bryant 

Henry  Rogers  Winthrop 

Richard  Evelyn  Byrd 

John  Lee  Coulter 

Charles  McCarthy 
Martin  J.  Gillen 
Alfred  L.  P,  Dennis 


ADDRESS 

Avon 

Hartford 
Torrington 
Hartford 

Atlanta 

Urbana 

Indianapolis 

Sioux  City 

Wichita 

Hutchison 

Wichita 

Bath 

Annapolis 

Boston 

Detroit 

Grand  Rapids 

St.  Paul 
Minneapolis 

Jackson 

Omaha 

Reno 

Trenton 
Trenton 

New  York  City 

Winchester 

Morgantown 

Madison 
Racine 

Madison 


The  conference  was  opened  at  ten  five  o'clock  A.M.,  with 
Hon.  Newton  D.  Baker,  Secretary  of  War,  presiding, 

ADDRESS  BY  HON.  NEWTON  D.  BAKER 
SECRETARY  OF  WAR 

This  meeting  is  the  first  evidence  of  organized  coopera- 
tion between  the  States  and  the  Federal  Government  in  the  pre- 
sent war.   I  am  directed  by  the  Council  of  National  Defense  to 
extend  its  welcome  to  you,  and  to  say  that  in  this  organiza- 
tion of  the  Nation  the  Federal  Government  realizes  the  indis- 
pensable relations  which  exist  between  the  States  and  the 
Federal  Government. 

The  task  upon  which  we  have  started  is  so  large  that  no 
language  is  adequate  to  describe  the  extent  of  the  work  ahead 
of  all  of  us*   Obviously,  the  direction  alone,  and  probably, 
though  not  in  all  instances,  the  direction  of  the  work  can  be 
centered  at  Washington,  but  over  this  continental  expanse  of 
ours,  from  ocean  to  ocean  and  from  the  Gulf  to  Canada,  we  are 
divided  by  State  lines  into  separate  sovereignties,  and  those 
States  are  again  3ub-divided  into  political  sub-divisions  &nd 
communities,  and  the  whole  task  covers  the  entire  country  and 
reaches  to  the  remotest  parts  of  it . 

No;v,  necessarily  and  because  this  is  a  national  matter,, 
the  general  direction  will  be  in  Washington,  but  the  strength 
of  our  organization  will  depend  upon  the  efficiency  with  which 
the  organization  of  the  several   States  and  smaller  political 
sub-divisions  is  carried  out. 

The  magnitude  of  this  war  is,  of  course,  known  in  a  gen- 
eral way  to  all  of  us,  and  in  a  special  way  to  many  of  us,  and 
yet  each  minute,  I  am  learning  new  estimates  or  new  methods 
of  appraising  the  size  of  the  task.   For  instance,  I  just  came 
this  minute  from  the  room  in  one  of  our  Ordnance  buildings 
where  I  'was  examining  some  of  the  implements  devised  in  the 


British  army  for  one  small  phase  of  their  military  activities, 

trench  warfare,  as  distinguished  from  artillery  warfare 

and  infantry  warfare  and  cavalry  warfare,  dealing  for  the 
most  part  with  hand  grenades  and  explosive  bombs  which  are 
projected  short  distances  from  trench  to  trench,  and  with 
fire-works  which  play  a  very  important  part  in  modern  war  for 
signalling  purposes  and  battlefield  illumination.   The  young 
English  officer  who  was  explaining  those  devices  told  me  that 
the  central  bureau  of  the  ordnance  department  alone  of  the 
British  service  now  had  over  ten  thousand  employees  at  its 
central  office,  end  that  in  this  division  of  trench  warfare 
that  seemingly  was  so  small  a  sub-division  of  the  total  ques- 
tion of  armament  that  over  six  hundred  employees  in  the  cen- 
tral business  office  alone  were  employed.   I  have  no  estimate, 
but  I  should  imagine  from  that  that  there  must  be  several  hundre 
thousand  persons  in  England  who  are  associated  in  just  the 
central  offices  for  devising  and  providing  the  munitions,  the 
military  munitions,  of  the  British  army  alone. 

Now,  we  can  make  no  forecast  of  the  length  of  this  war, 
but  every  consideration  of  intelligence  and  prudence  directs 
us  to  enter  it  as  though  it  were  going  to  be  long,  and  to 
equip  ourselves  to  do  our  task  from  the  very  beginning  in  the 
largest,  the  most  effective  way,   That  means  the  mobilization 
of  the  energy  and  strength  of  our  country  in  a  military  way 
and  in  an  industrial  way,  and  of  course  it  means  the  preser- 
vation, as  far  as  it  is  possible,  of  the  country  from  unneces- 
sary dislocations  of  its  industrial,  commercial,  agricultural 
and  community  life.   It's  a  task  in  which  the  maximum  of  co- 
operation is  essential  to  efficiency.   While  you  are  here, 
undoubtedly  very  specific  suggestions  will  be  made  to  you 
from  various  sources  as  to  things  which  it  is  hoped  can  be 
carried  forward  in  the  States «,   Some  of  those  will  have  to  do 
with  material  things,  and  some  of  them  will  have  to  do  with 
mental  things.   The  preservation  of  our  national  spirit,  the 


preservation  of  a  wholesome  and  sound  attitude  towards  this 
great  enterprise,  is  just  as  important  and  just  as  necessary 
as  the  dedication  of  our  material  means  to  its  accomplish- 
ment, and  of  course  the  Governors  of  States  and  State  Coun- 
cils and  committees  of  defense  will  ride  at  the  very  head  of 
public  sentiment  in  their  several  States  and  bring  them  in 
hearty  cooperation  with  the  general  purposes  of  the  Government 
in  carrying  on  this  war. 

Of  course,,  my  personal  mission  is  to  speak  with  you 
briefly  about  the  ways  in  which  you  can  cooperate  in  the  mili- 
tary end  of  our  undertaking,  and  there  are  two  or  three  sub- 
jects there  that  I  want  to  discuss  just  for  a  moment.   We 
have,  as  you  know,  pending  in  Congress  and  as  yet  unacted 
upon  finally,  a  bill  to  provide  for  the  temporary  enlargement 
of  the  forces,   The  bill  is  still  in  conference  in  Congress, 
and  it  would  be  improper  for  me  to  try  to  forecast  the  exact 
form  in  which  the  measure  will  come  from  the  legislative  body, 
and  yet,  omitting  those  things  as  to  which  the  two  Houses 
are  to  any  degree  unreconciled,  it  is  still  possible  to  say 
these  things  of  the  legislation. 

It  will  provide  for  the  raising  of  a  regular  army  and 
national* guard  to  war  strength  by  the  calling  of  volunteers 
between  the  ages  of  eighteen  and  forty  years.   The  present 
law,  that  upon  which  we  are  now  operating,  authorizes  volun- 
teering in  the  regular  army  only  to  thirty  years  of  age.   In 
the  national  guard  volunteering  is  authorized  to  forty-live 
years  of  age.   It  was  deemed  by  the  Department  of  great  im- 
portance that  there  should  be  a  complete  identity  in  the  na- 
tional army  between  the  several  forces  which  go  fcc  make  it 
up,  so  that  when  our  army  of  a  million  or  a  million  and  a 
half  men  is  organized  there  will  not  be  different  kinds  of 
troops]  there  will  not  be  the  possibility  of  a  feeling  on  any- 
body^ part  in  the  troops  that  one  kind  of  service  is  being  pre- 


f erred,  either  as  to  privileges  cr  as  to  paroles,  in  the 
operation  of  the  forces;  hence  the  Department  recommended 
that  in  the  making  up  of  these  forces  to  war  strength  by  the 
volunteer  system  the  uniformity  of  age  should  be  adopted, 
and  so  taking  neither  the  thirty  year  maximum  of  the  regular 
army  nor  the  forty -five  year  maximum  of  the  national  guard, 
but  taking  forty  as  the  maximum  enlistment  in  those  forces, 
volunteering  is  to  be  authorised  up  to  forty  years  of  age. 
That  will  provide  pieces  in  the  regular  army  and  national 
guard  for  substantially  six  hundred  thousand  volunteers  fr  era 
the  various  States  in  addition  to  those  al  randy  in  tl?ose 
respective  forces,, 

It  was  deemed  important  that  there  should  be  equivalents 
of  obligation  in  those  forces.   That  is  to  say,  that  men  who 
are  enlisting  in  either  the  regular  army  or  national  guard 
at  the  present  time  should  not  be  under  a  disparity  of  obli- 
gation.  Some  of  them  enlisted  for  a  period  of  actual  service 
and  for  a  certain  period  after  that  in  the  reserve,  buc  that 
all  of  them  should  be  for  the  same  time,  and  that  all  of  them 
should  be  entitled  to  the  same  privileges,  that  the  same  re- 
lation to  the  Federal  Gcverment  should  exist  as  between  the 
individual  and  the  Government  whether  he  was  a  member  of  the 
regular  army  or  national  guard,  and  that  complete  flexibility 
in  those  forces  should  be  obtained,,  so  that  Government  could 
transfer  men  freely  from  one  service  to  another  if  that  turned 
out  to  be  essentia]  to  their  military  efficiency;  and  yet  it 

was,,  of  course,  regarded  as  desirable, since  our  people 

think  in  terms  of  States  very  often,  and  because  of  the  value 

of  neighborhood  intimacies  and  friendships,  it  was  deemed 

desirable  to  allow  men  who  come  from  a  particular  section  of 
the  country  to  be  associated  together  as  far  as  that  could 
consistently  be  done,  so  that  these  forces  that  are  raised  by 
volunteering  in  the  regular  army  and  national  guard  will,  as 
far  as  it  can  be  done,  be  sent  in  neighborhood  groups  to  join. 


the  force  to  which  they  are  attached,  and  a  man  who  enlists 
in  California  will  not  be  sent  with  a  man  from  Maine  and 
another  from  Florida,  and  another  from  Wisconsin,  but  as  far 
as.  it  can  be  done,  those  who  volunteer  from  a  particular  sec- 
tion of  the  State  of  California  will  be  kept  together,  and 
in  a  similar  way  from  the  other  States. 

The  Department  proposes  to  make  as  great  an  endeavor  as 
it  can  to  preserve  the  identity,  the  pride,  and  esprit  de 
corps  of  the  existing  national  guard  units,  so  that  while  a 
national  guard  regiment  will  in  all  respects,  without  discrim- 
ination or  difference,  without  favor  or  prejudice,  be  a  regi- 
ment of  the  national  army  of  the  country,  and  will  be  treated 
just  as  every  other  regiment  is,  we  hGpe  to  be  able  to  attach 
to  their  regimental  designation  the  state  from  which  they 
come,  so  that  local  pride  and  state  feeling,  state  friendships 
and  state  affiliations  can  be  preserved  by  the  regiments  as 
a  mark  of  their  contribution  to  the  public  service. 

In  addition  to  this,  the  Department  proposes,  and  Con- 
gress has  apparently  decided,  to  accept  the  raising  of  ad- 
ditional forces  by  a  method  of  selection,  which  is  not  that 
of  individual  volunteering,  but  is  an  attempt  en  the  part  of 
the  Government  to  assign  the  citizens  of  the  country  to  the 
tasks  which  they  will  best  be  able  to  perform,  and  I  may  per- 
haps detain  you  just  for  a  moment  to  give  a  reason  or  two  for 
that.   The  discussion  of  it  ■•  throughout  the  country  has  been 
so  generous  and  general  that  most  of  the  reasons  are  fairly 
well  understood,  but  modern  war  is  no  longer  what  war  was 
aforetime,  in  the  sense  of  relatively  few  people  being  se- 
lected out  of  a  nation  and  sent  off  to  compose  its  military 
force.  Under  modern  conditions,  the  whole  nation  is  at  war 
and  it  is  at  war  as  much  in  the  home  and  in  the  factory  and 
on  the  farm  as  it  is  on  the  fighting  front.   No  army  at  the 
front  can  be  maintained,  supplied  or  sustained  unless  factor- 
ies continue  their  industrial  output,  unless  the  scientists 


and  inventors  keep  pace  with  the  progress  of  the  art,  which 

change a  over  night,  unless  the  former  continues  to  plant 

and  gather  the  harvest  upon  which  the  food  supply  of  the  army- 


ad  the  people  alike  rc;rt;  so  that  simply  to  call  out  indis- 
ritbout  at  all  considering  what  the  machinists  left  as  their  te 


and 

witnout  at  an  considering 
criminately  machinists  /without  at  all  considering  the  disrup- 


tion and  disorganization  of  industry  which  follows  their  leav- 
ing their  labors,-  would  be  to  expose  the  nation  to  a  very 
serious  weakness t 

The  method,  therefore,,  which  the  Department  recommended 
to  Congress,  and  which  is  to  be  adopted  in  seme  form,  involves 
the  registration  of  the  man  power  of  military  age  of  the  na- 
tion, and  the  selection  out  of  that  registry  list  of  the  first 
increment  of  the  so-called  additional  fcrces,  numbering  five 
hundred  thousand  men,  according  to  a  systematic  plan  which, 
when  once  put  into  operation,  will  allow  us,  according  to  our 
need,  additional  increments  of  the  sane  size,  automatically 
and  by  the  same  process  to  call  them  out  for  training.   I 
have  no  idea  how  many  increments  of  five  hundred  thousand  men 
we  may  need.   That  depends  upon  considerations  which  are  be- 
yond anybody's  control,  and  which  are  beyond  anybody's  vision, 
but  the  plan  arranged  is  so  conceived  as  after  it  has  been 
once  inaugurated  to  produce  almost  automatically  from  time  to 
time  additional  increments  of  five  hundred  thousand  men  to  be 
called  into  training  camps,  and  subjected  to  that  disciplinary 
training  which  is  essential  to  the  preparation  of  a  soldier 
for  war  under  modern  conditions. 

Now  the  first  step  of  that  is  the  registration  of  the 
men.   That's  a  very  laxge  undertaking.   It  is  one  which  may 


b^  attended  by  confusion,  or  it  may  be  converted  into  a  •magnifi- 
cent demonstration  of  the  unity  of  our  country.     There  is  a 
certain  prejudice  in  this  country  against  what  we  call  "conscrip- 
tion,"   To  grows  out  of  the  fact  that  the  only  time  we  have  ever 
resorted  to  conscription,  so-called,  in  this  country  was  at  a 

time  after  volunteering  had  ceased,  after  the  country  had  been- 
supposed  to  produce  sufficient  volunteers  and  fill  up  the  army, 

and  had  failed,  and  then  conscription  was  put  into  force  as  a 
penal  process,  and  it  was  resented  and  distrusted.     If  the  op- 
eration of  this  bill  is  allowed  to  be  under  the  prejudice  of  the 
kind  that  obtained  at  that  time,  it  will  fe  most  unfortunate, 

The  fact  is  that  it  is  an  entirely  different  thing.    It  is 
not  a  penal  process;  but  it  is  an  attempt  by  the  forces  of  the 
government  to  assort  the  citizens  of  the  country  according  to 
their  capacities  for  the  service  for  which  they  are  best  fitted, 
and  if  instead  of  accepting  the  operation  of  this  law  as  a  pen- 
alty, our  people  accept  it  as  an  opportunity,  and  make  of  this 
registration  and  drafting,  so-called,  a  great  national  demonstra- 
tion of  the  patriotic  and  firm  purpose  of  the  nation,  then  all  of 
those  prejudices  will  have  disappeared,  and  the  conceded  wisdom 
of  the  plan  suggested  will  have  been  vindicated. 

Now,  how  can  that  be  done?    It  can  be  done  by  your  assist- 
ance,    It  will  depend  very  largely  upon  your  assistance.    The 
Judge  Advocate  General  of  the  Army  has  been  designated  in  this 
Department  to  prepare  for  the  registration.    When  the  President 
signs  the  bill,  he  will  doubtless  proclaim  a  day  to  be  known  as 
the  registration  day,  and  on  that  day,  using  the  State  authori- 
ties, cooperating  through  the  governors  of  the  various  States, 
and  with  all  of  the  local  aids  which  the  governors  can  summon, , 
using  the  familiar  machinery  in  the  several  states,  the  men  with- 
in the  designated  age  limit  will  go  to  their  normal  voting  places 


:■•-.  r 


. 


;.; 


1        -T:-.r- 


■  ■  .  - ; 


-.    *  ,j  .  a  t. 


and  there  register.    I  hope  each  one  of  you  will  present  to  yoj 

State  Committee,  and  those  of  you  who  are  Governors  will  accept 

from  me  as  a  part  of  the  opportunity  for  State  cooperation,  the 

thought  of  making  of  that  day  a  great  festival  occasion  in  this 

nation. 

I  have  been  sitting  here  for  weeks  receiving  literally  bush- 

els  of  mail  from  all  over  the  United  States  from  men   saying, 

"What  can  I  do?"     "The  country  is  in  an  emergency;  what  can  I 

do?"    And  they  do  not  want  to  know  some  general  statement  about 

the  needs  of  the  country,  but  they  want  somebody  to  designate  a 

particular  service  that  they  as  individuals  can  perform.      ITow 

here  is  a  service/   When  this  registration  takes  place,  every 

individual  in  the  United  States  who  really  wants  to  serve,  who 
wants  to  bring  about  tnat  tremendous  power  of  an  exhibition  of  a 

morally  and  patriotically  united  nation  both  for  the  stimulatr. on 
of  our  side  of  the  cause  and  the  corresponding  depression  of  the 
morals  of  our  adversary..  --  every  man  who  has  that  patriotic  pur 
pose  can  contribute  to  make  this  registration  a  great  and  memor- 
able occasion  in  our  country's  history,    {.Applause). 

All  the  prejudice  will  be  gene,  if,  when  this  day  comes, 
flags  are  floating  from  public  and  private  buildings  and  bands- 
are  parading  on  the  streets,  and  the  people  of  the  cities  and  of 
the  countryside  are  accompanying  their  sons  and  brothers  and  hus- 
bands of  suitable  age  to  the  registration  place  in  the  feeling 
that  there  in  America  is  the  altar  of  free  institutions,  and  that 
every  man  who  is  putting  his  name  down  is  asking  an  acceptable 
sacrifice.    Now,  we  think  you  can  do. a  very  great  deal  to  give 
a  proper  atmosphere  to  this  general  undertaking.      The  Judge 
Advocate  General  is  present  and  will  tell  you  in  detail  some  of 
the  plans  he  has  conceived  for  this  great  matter,  and  it  seems 
to  me  that  they  promise  an  exhibition  of  efficiency  which  we,  as 


nitiaens  of  a  democrat  ic  country,  shaJl  dwiight  to  Be**. 

You  know  that  tffee  difference  between  a  democratac  country 
and  a  country  like  our  adversary  is  this:   the  people  ©r«*w  3©* 
ter  surrender  their  freedom  all  the  time  in  the  interest  of  an 
exact  and  highly  specialized  regimentation  of  their  people,  so 
that  in  effect  every  man  goes  about  with  a  label  sewed  on  the  in- 
side of  his  pocket  which  tells  him  what  he  is  to  do  under  prac- 
tically every  conceivable  set  of  circumstances,  and  so,  no  matter 
what  the  emergency  is,  they  respond  to  a  push  button.       tn  our 
country  we  live  a  free  life.    We  have  a'  larger  admixture  of  per- 
sonal liberty  and  personal  oho ice*   We  are  unrestrained  by  sec- 
ret instructions  pinned  inside  of  our  coats,  and  -so  when  a  great 
emergency  domes  which  requires  us  incident  ally  to  readjust  our- 
selves, without  previous  direction,  without  previous  regimentat ion. 
there  is  inevitably  mors  seeming  confusion  and  at  the  outset  mor*, 
lost  motion  in  diverting  the  energies  cf  a  democracy  than  there 
can  be  in  the  case  of  an  autocracy;  but  when  the  new  organisation 
has  taken  place  in  a  democracy,  it  ::s  the  fruit  of  the  sacrifice 
of  every  man,  rather  than  the  respond  of  men  who  are  acting  under 
a  prearranged  system  in  which  they  have  no    choice,  and  the  result 
with  us  is  always  a  vindication  of  the  response  of  freedom  or  of 
the  fact  that  freedom  is  to  be  preferred  as  a  standing  condition 
for  civilized  communities. 

I  earnestly  ask  your  help  in  this  great  matter.    I  ask  your 

army 
help,  too,  in  the  matter  of  recruiting  the  regular  -,  and  the 

national  guard.    There  has  been  a  great  deal  of  controversy  in 
Washington  about  the  volunteer  system,  and  about  the  so-called 
conscription  system.    The  bill  as  Congress  will  pass  it,  provides 
for  the  raising  at  the  outset  at  least  more  new  men  by  volunteer- 
ing than  it  does  by  conscription.     I  have  no  prejudice  on  that 
subject.    I  hope  that  every  state  organization  and  the  regular 


army  will  be  filled  by  volunteers,  and  I  want  you  in  your  several 
states  and  communities  tourge  volunteering.    1  hope  there  will 
be  a  large  and  adequate  response  to  this  volunteering  opportunity 
and  I  have  not  the  least  disturbance  of  mind  as  to  any  inferences 
that  may  be  drawn  from  that  upon  a  permanent  military  policy  here 
after  to  be  adopted.    Let  us  get  the  regular  army  and  the  na- 
tional guard  filled  by  volunteers,  and  let  us  get  this  addition- 
al force  raised  by  selection,  and  start  them  off  in  tieir  training 
and  make  a  great  army  of  them.    The  world  mu«t  have  peace,  and 
there  is  n<}  way  in  which  peace  can  be  had  except  by  our  going  cu 
and  getting  it,  andwe  cannot  get  it  by  wishing  for  it;  we  must 
under  existing  conditions  to  get  it  by  fighting  for  it,  and  the 
harder  we  fight,  the  sooner  we  and  the  rest  of  the  world  will  ob- 
tain it!    (ApplauseJ    So  that  our  task  is,  while  large,  per- 
fectly plain. 

I  want  to   say  just  this  word  of  caution  to  all  of  you  who 
are  here  assembled  about  the  training  of  the  new  army.   Armies 
in  modern  times  cannot  be  made  in  a  minute.   The  task  of  pro- 
v iding  for  an  army  is  of  the  very  greatest  magnitude.    I  am  far 
from  desiring  to  say  anything  which  might  be  construed"  into  a 
criticism  of  any  previous  congressional  action  or  any  previous 
executive  acttn.    We  have  been  a  peaceful  nation,  because  we 
knew  our  purposes  were  just,  and  therefore  we  have  not  made  much 
of  the  preparation  which  would  undoubtedly  have  been  made  if  we 
had  foreseen  this  demand;  but  the  fact  is  this,  that  Congress  ha- 
from  time  to  time  appropriated  for  what  now  seems,  and  in  the 
light  of  developments  is,  exceedingly  meager,  reserves  of  arms, 
of  munitions,  and  of  supplies.    v/hen  last  summer  it  became  nece 
sary  to  mobilise  the  national  guard  on  the  Texas  border,  our  re- 
serve stocks  were  very  largely  consumed  and  expended,  and  then 


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because  of  circumstances  which  you  gentlemen  understand  as  well 
I,  the  Congress  at  its  last  session  adjourned  without  having 
enacted  any  legislation  for  the  army,  so  that  there  was  at 
least  some  hindrance  upon  the  Department  in  expending  even  the 
normal  sums  usually  appropriated  for  the  accumulation  of  equip- 
ment and  arms  and  for  replacing  our  absorbed  supplies.      The 
Department  went  ahead  nevertheless.    It  got  every  body  in  the 
country  who  was  in  the  habit  of  manufacturing  for  the  supply  of 
the  army  to  put  his  factory  into  full  commission  on  the  assur- 
ance that  as  soon  as  Congress  made  appropriations  and  they  were 
forthcoming,  contracts  would  be  let  and  deliveries  could  be  be- 
gun, and  as  a  result  of  that  very  large,  much  larger  than  the 
normal,  orders  of  equipment  of  all  kinds  are  in  process  of  man- 
ufacturing, and  are  about  to  be  supplied  to  the  army.     That, 
however,  is  a  long  drawn  out  process.    Until  now  the  War  De- 
partment has  been  able  to  go  out  into  a  market  which  contained 
all  the  things  it  needed.    The  problem  of  the  War  Department  is 
to  go  into  a  market  which  does  not  contain  the  things  it  needs.. 
and  get  people  to  make  those  things  for  us.    There  are  not, 
for  instance,  enough  factories  in  the  United  States  which  have 
ever  made  cloth  of  the  army  kind  to  make  the  amount  of  clo+.h  the 
larger  army  now  needs.    As  a  result  of  that  the  task  ofthe  De- 
partment is  not  simply  to  go  to  cloth  meruhants  and  buy  the  nec- 
essary quantity  of  cloth,  but  it  is  to  go  to  woolen  factories 

which  have  nev^r  made  army  cloth,  and  divert  them  from  the  man- 
ufactures which  they  have  hitherto  made  into  the  manufacture  of 

army  cloth.     The  task  is  to  go  clear  back  almost  to  the  back 

of  the  sheep  ard  get  the  raw  materials  necessary  to  flow  into 

this  line  of  manufacture,  and  to  organise  clear  back  to  the  mine 

and  the  earth  the  things  that  are  necessary  to  be  brought  togech- 

er  and  manufactured,  in  order  that  the  army  --  the  new  army,  the 


larger  army  many  fold  greater  than  any  force  we  have  hitherto 
had  -  may  be  equipped  and  furnished.   All  of  that  is  being 
done.     It  is  being  done  with  as  great  rapidity  as  the  best 
business  judgment  in  the  country  can  do  it.    The  War  Department  •.. 
is  not  relying  on  its  own  facilities  for  that,  but  through  the 
Council  of  National  Defense  there  have  been  called  to  the  assist  • 
ance  of  the  Government  men  of  affairs,  business  men,  manufactur- 
ers, merchants,  men  who  are  familiar  with  all  the  various  lines 
of  raw  material  production  and  of  manufacture  and  of  industry, 
They  have  been  called  in  great  numbers  to  Washington,  and  with 
their  aid  the  country  is  being  organized  to  produce  these  sup- 
plies, and  to  produce  them  as  rapidly  as  can  be  done  without 
prejudice  to  other  considerations  which  have  to  be  remembered 
All  those  considerations  are  obvious.    We  are  at  war  on  the 
same  side  as  two  or  three  other  great  powers  which  have  for 
some  years  in  this  war  depended  upon  us  for  much  of  their  sup- 
plies.   They  are  in  the  trenches,  actually  fighting,    Tb--;.-- 
are  fighting  the  same  battle  that  we  are  fighting;  and  ws  c&nr.c/ 
simply  preempt  the  industry  of  America  to  equip  our  own  irjiljt.:< ,. 
forces  without  regard  to  the  effect  which  that  course  might- 
have  upon  the  supplies  which  must  continue  to  flow'  rapidly  to 
those  who  are  fighting  on  the  other  side  of  the  water  in  the 
same  battles  which  we  later  are  to  join.     It  requires,  there- 
fore, an  intricate  system  of  coordination  of  needs.    Somebody 
has  to  determine  priority  of  need.    Consider  the  Secretary  cf 

the  Navy,  for  instance.    He  needs  guns  for  his  ships,  he 

needs  ships.    The  army 

needs  guns.    Some  of  the  allied  powers. 

the  entente  powers,  need  guns  and  nted  material.    High  grade 

thinking  must  be  done  to  determine  with  regard  to,  say,  the  mobv. 

ized  steel  making  facilities  of  this  country,  whether  a  particul- 
ar need  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy  shall  be  attended  to  first, 

or  whether  a  need  ofthe  army  shall  be  attended  to  first,  or 
whether  eertain 


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contracts  may  be  made  for  transportation  across  the  water 
and  shall  be  attended  to  first.   And  there  are  organized  here 
bodies  of  men  who  hear  all  sides  of  that  kind  of  question 
and  undertake,  as  far  as  human  forces  can  do  it,  to  determine 
priorit ies» 

The  rssult  of  all  that  is  this,  that  it  won't  do  to  look 
at  America  and  say  that  it  can  equip  an  army  or  a  navy  in  a 
certain  length  of  time.   It  won't  do  to  become  impatient  if 
it. should  turn  out  that  certain  forms  of  equipment  are  slow 
in  being  accumulated.   You  can  do  a  great  service  in  your 
States  by  explaining  the  eitvatiqn  to  the  People  of  those 
States  who  look  at  this  great  giant  of  a  country  of  ours  and 
think  it  equal  to  any  task  and  feel  disposed  to  complain  or 
to  suspect  it's  slowness*   You  can  do  a  groat  service  to  the 
government  and  to  your  own  people  by  telling  then  that  what 
may  seem  slowness  to  them  is  not  clcwness  in  fact,  but  is  in 
all  likelihood  the  preference  of  some  superior  neea  to  the 
particular  thing  as  to  which  they  think  the  industrial  output 
of  the  country  appears  slow. 

This  is  a  war,  as  I  said  a  moment  ago,,  that  changes 
every  minute.   The  form  of  our  cooperation  o\er  sea  is  dif- 
ficult to  determine,  and  when  determined  is  subject  to  re- 
determination, with  the  kaleidoscopic  changes  that  are  taking 


place.  The -whole  art  of  war  is  changing.   The  needs  of  the 
people  on  our  side  and  on  the  other  side  of  the  water  are  both 


:. 


being  shifted  and  changing  every  minute.  As  a  consequence, 

o  program  can  be  made  up  that  will  last  beyond  tomorrow,  if 
the  need  on  the  other  side  requires  a  change.  But  we  do 
know  that  the  world  needs  food,  and  we  know  that  America 
is  at  present  the  greatest  undisturbed  food  producer  in  the 
world;  and  therefore  re  are  alive  to  the  fact  that  one  of  our 
national  tasks,  one  of  the  ways  in  whirh  we  can  help  to  win 
this  war,  is  by  an  unlimited  food  production.   You  will  doubt- 
less hear  more  of  that  from  other  gentlemen  associated  in  the 

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Council    of  National  Defense,    or     representing  Government  De- 
partments down  here,   and    it  would  be  unwise   for  me   further 
to  discuss   it,    for   I  know  nothing  about   it    beyond    the  central 
facts  which   I  have   stated. 

I,  perhaps,   have  taken  all   of  your  time  that   I  should 
take.      What    I  have   tried   to  do   is    to   show  ycu  the  way.?    in 
which,   as  representatives  of  the  people   of  your  States,    you 
can  help    in  this  war,   especially  with   reference   to   the  acti- 
vities  of  the  War  Department,    and   the   first   of  those   I  want 
to   re- impress    is  by  giving   to   the  democratic  method  of   selec- 
tion of   soldiers   the  patriotic   character  which    it    really  de- 
serves,   and  dispelling   from  the   outset   the  prjudice  which  lias 
attached   to   it   because   of    its  nane.      The   second  thing  which 
I  have  asked   you  to  an    is   to  aid   jn   recruiting;    and   the   third 
service  which   you  can   render   is  whei?  we   como    i'o  exerciue   this 
method   of   selection  a-nc1.  a    ssriee   of   exemptions    in   proposed   io 
be  put   into  forcj,   largely   iihrougb  local   agencies..    and  not 
to  be  an  exhibition  of  the    superioi   military  power:  ci  ths 
nation,   but  a  consultation  of  the  people  of   the   communitj    aj 
to  which  of   their  citizens  can  be  best    sparse"..     Wht>c    that 
system  of  exemptions  course    co  bs  put    into  efieotj    the   Sts^e? 
can  be   of   enormous   aid   to   as,      We   ought   r.Ot    to   aumnor   away 
from  his  home   the  father  and  the   husband  who  have  dependents 
until  he   is      needed  to  break   -urea^   tieo,      In  the   interest   of 

the  child  life  of  the  nation,    in    the    interest   of  oar   own. 
humanity  toward   ourselves,   until    our   demand  for  military 

forces   requires  us   to   take   the    support   away   from  a   family., 

we   ought   net   to   do   i1 ,      In   the    oame  way  we   ouah:    not   to  take 

away  a  man  who   is   engaged   :.n  a  vital    industry,      A  man  who 

works  before  an  openhfearth  st.v-;?    furnace,    for    instance.,    and 

is   indispensible   to  the   continuation  of   chat   furnace,   making 

its   forges.,    and   its  prcductc,    Dught   not    to  be   taken  from    that 

work* 

In  30me  sections  of  the  country  there  will  be  found  men 


without  whom  great  agricultural  assets  will  be  lost  to-  the  na- 
tion.   In  applying  that  system  of  exemptions,  there  will  he 
necessaril/  a  consolidation  of  neighborhood  and  local  opinion, 
We  ask  the  cooperation  on  the  part , of  the  community  to  help  us 
assort  the  citizens  to  the  tasks  which  they  are  best  fitted  to 
do-,  to  enable  us  to  take  for  active  military  training  and  ser- 
vice  those  who  are  best  fitted  for  it  physically  and  mentally, 
and  those  who  can  be  beet  spared  from  the  indispensable  tasks 
of  industry  and  commerce  and  agriculture  in  the  community.   All 
of  that  is  immensely  practical, and  if  it  has  your  active  cooper- 
ation and  assistance,  there  will  te  a  very  splendid  result- 

I  have  tried  to  illustrate  the  intensity  and  universality 
with  whioh  our  whole  life  as  a  Nation  and  all  the  cooperation  of 
our  people  are  integrated  into  this  war.    We  are  not  going  to 
make  war  with  our  right  hand,  nor  with  our  left  hand,  but  wit'fl 
toth  hands;  and  eve^ry  man  in  the  Nation  in   going  to  be  in  the 
service  of  the  Nation  though  he  may  hot  wear  a  uniform,  though 
he  may  continue  his  normal  occupation.    He  will  be  contribut- 
ing vitally  to  the  national  defense,  and  if  that  lesson  can  be 
impressed  upon  your  people  at  home,  it  will  have  a  most  salutary 
effect  in  inspiring  the  spirit  of  service  and  loyalty  and  in  ul- 
timately enabling  us  so  to  organize  our  strength  as  to  win  this 
war. 


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THE  PRESIDING  OEFICER,  SECRETARY  BAKER:   Mr.  Secretary 
Lane  '•    you  stand  up,  please?    (Laughter)    I  have  just  told 
►Secretary  Daniels  that  he  need  not  rise  just  at  this  time,  as  he 
will  speak  to  us  a  little  later.   The  Secretary  -jf   Commerce,  Mr. 
Secretary  Redfield,  --  rise  please  Mr.  Redfield.   (Applause). 

I  think  you  will  be  interested  in  making  the  personal  ac- 
quanitance  with  General  Hugh  L.  Scott,  the  Chief  of  the  General 
Staff.    (General  Scott  rises  amid  applause)     I  will  next  in- 
troduce to  you  the  Adjutant  General  of  the  Army,  General  McCain, 
(Applause)   And  last,.!  will . introduce,  but  not  ask  to  have 
stand  up_, .  General  Crowder,  the  Judge  Advocate  General.    He  is 
going  to  make  some  remarks  to  you  in  a  moment.   (Applause).   And 
now,  gentleman,  I  am  going  to  ask  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy  to 
speak  to  you  about  the  navy's  part  in  this  enterprise,  and  the 
vays  in  which  he  would  suggest  cooperation  with  tht  states  and 
with  you  in  hi s  undertaking.    The  Secretary  of  the  Navy.  (Applause 

ADDRESS -BY  HONORABLE  JOSEPHUS  DANIELS, - 
SECRETARY  OF  THE  NAVY. 

■ 

Mr.  Chairman  and  gentlemen:   A  few  days  ago,  addressing 
the  English  Parliament,  Lloyd  George  said  that  the  first  need 
was  ships,  and  the  second  need  was  ships,  and  the  last  need  was 
ships  and  -more  ships.    He  expressed  the  view  of  every  nation 
at  war  with  the  entente  powers  and  the  crowning  need  of  our  own 
country     There  was  a  time  when  the  flag  of  the  United  States, 
flying  above  its  merchant  marine,  was  a  common  sighc  in  every 
island  and  upon  every  country  in  the  civilized  and  uncivilized 
world,  but  for  fifty  years  the  reglect  of  our  people  in  building 
ships  caused  the  decay  of  shipbuilding  until  we  reached  a  time 


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hen  nearly  all  our   corrrr.arce  was    carried   in   foreign  bottoms,    and 
hen   our  navy  hud   failed  to  keei)  pace  witn  the    great  navies   of 
jthe  world*        Admiral  Maha.n,    perhaps  *h€    aunt   nstcd   authority  in 
the  world  An  nave  I  life,    declared  that  the  navy  must  kc  hand   in 
hand  with  a   strong  merchant  marine,    and  wh  ••*:.*  the   people    yf  Am- 
erica  quit  building  ships  and  sanding  their  cotKnerce   Abroad   in 
its  own  "bottoms,    the  merchant  marine  would    languish,    also   the 
navy  would   languish,    and  he  prophesied  that  the  American  people 
would  never  come  to    a  realization   of    the   need   of   a   strong  navy 
until   they  had  built  a  large  merchant  marine  which  would  be  pro- 
tected by  a  powerful  navy. 

The   great  n^ed  to  :.y  is  ships.  The    last  Congress,    in  re- 

sponse to   the  recommendation  of  the  Prc-sidcrit,    gave  generously 
to   provide  for  the   navy,    end  the  probl-ec    :f  the    la    st   few  months 
has  not  been  a  problem  of  asking  appropriations  oy:  Congress,    but 
it  has  been  a  problem  of  securing  the  eopfltTtfetibn  of  the  ships 
aid   the    supply  of    the  munitions   necessary* 

The  Secretary  of  War  has  told  you  that  ycu  cannot  make  a 
soldier   in  a  short   time  nor  can  you  in   the  navy.  we  do  not 

ordinarily  send  the  men  who  enlist   av?.r    m   shipboard  until  they 
have  had   five  or  six  months'    training  in  tt  tva:'.r.i..g  station,   wher 
he  is  taught   everything   that  bd  mi  gut  le.u'v  b  afore  gcing  on   ship- 
board. "••'•  «4t? '■•is  no .  longer  a  matter  of  climbing  the  m^.tft;    \fy  is 
a  mechanical  and   electrical  trade;    and  for  men  who    come    into    the 
navy  th«3  day  is   near  at  hand  when  no  enlistment  will  be  accepted 
from  men  except  those  who  have   vhe  prr.mar,/  knowledge  of  electric- 
ity or  mechanics,    fcsc&uss    -he  modern  droa-ln&ugftt   is  the  most 
powerful  machine   in  the   world, 

I   am  glad  to   tell  you  that   ih.3   n&ry,    ir   the!  iMrat   lifcfl   of 


defense  in   all  our  battles,  is  today  complete;  the  full  com- 
pl  u.  x.     authorized  by  law  has  been  raised.    (Applause) 

Nineteen  years  ago  this  morning  we  were  thrilled  by  the 
news  that  Dewey  had  won  the  Battle  of  Manila,   (Applause),  and 
yet  the  navy  at  that  time  had  twenty-two  thousand  men,  and  in 
thirty- two  days  we  have  enlisted  in  the  navy  mere  men  than 
were  in  the  entire  navy  when  Dewey  won  his  victory;   so  that 
we  are  enabled  today  to  have  all  the  ships  in  the  navy  that 
are  fully  prepared  for  war,  fully  manned,  but  manned,  you 
must  understand,  in  large  part  by  young  men  fresh  from  the 
farm  and  the  city,  and  our  problem  of  the  last  few  weeks  has 
been  to  keep  the  boys  from  enlisting.    We  have  appeals  af- 
ter appeals  from  boys  of  sixteen  years  of  age,  asking  to  be 
allowed  to  join  the  navy,  and  we  hove  declined  because  upon 
the  beginning  of  this  threshold  we  must  not  bind  up  the  in- 
dustries, and  the  boys  at  home  can  serve  as  well,  if  not 
better,  in  the  com  clubs  than  in  the  navy.    But  you  must 
not  understand  roe  that  because  we  have  filled  up  the  comple- 
ment that  the  law  authorized,  that  there  are  not  larger  needs 
and  must  not  be  new  calls,  for  there  is  pending  in  Congress 
a  bill  which  will  become  a  law  this  week,  authorising  an  in- 
crease of  the  navy  to  one  hundred  and  fif by  thousand,  so  that 
we  may  have  men  for  the  new  ships  coming  on,  and  so  that  we 
may  man  these  older  ships  and  stronger  ships  with  men  who 
have  had  the  training  of  these  few  months. 

This  war  is  one  which  we  have  learned  w-c -must  call  a 
domestic  war.    Our  former  cor.cer-t ion  of  »a:?  was  that  it  ?/as 
a  matter  of  soldiers  and  sailors,  and  that  only  men  fought 
whe  donned  the  uniform;  buc  we  a"t;  to  win  ttiiB  la?   not  only 


.- . ..    ..    ,      .    ■ 


- 


;  :•  f 


.  ■-•• 


=*:- 


•A  &%    i$$%i 


.  .. ..-,....,  j. , 


:v  :  y~-i 


- 


- 


.   T     V    I:  :  -:r-      '1' 


,:•  :    I      ■■ 


..'    •       .'    ;    ....  ....  .     . 


I  !  ;?!r^v     f^  : 


■ 


. 


.-  -  -  •    -  f*         -  '    "v 


.•  _> 


:;■: ..  .::>■ 


rfv*. :      v 


......        :      r.--r,.-      Vi   i"     -■ 


■      ■  -.    -■        :«      ■.    •  ?JPJ    '.-  ■    ' 


.'»;■.'      -  i 


-   • 


...r 


b,>   a  who  go  to  the  front  in  thetrenches  or  on  the  ships, 

but  by  the  jnen  at  home,  and  we  must  call  Into  contribution 

every  work shdp,  every  factory,  every  ftel'd,  every  roan,  aye, 

and  every  woaan,  so  that  all  America,  will  be  mobilized  in 

the  work  in  which  we  are  engaged. 

The  problem  of  the  navy,  as  the  first  line  of  defense, 

cannot  be  overestimated,  but  of  course  in  the  matter  of  man 
power  in  numbers,  it  is  so  much  smaller  than  will  be  called 

for  by  the  army  that  the  chief  service  you  may  render  out- 
sside  of  providing  the  one  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  men 

we  need  and  the  s applies ,  you  will  be  called  upon  to  rend- 
er chiefly  for  the  army,  because  where  we  call  for  a  hund- 
red  and  fifty  thousand  they  will  call  for  millions,  and  the 
Secretary  of  War,  with  that  large  spirit  that  characterizes 
him}  in  matters  of  priority  has  given  the  first  place  to  the 
navy,  so  that  we  may  have  our  ships  all  ready  as  soon  as 
possible  to  blaze  the  way  and  meet  the  first  shock,  a  shock 
which  has  already  been  met,   for  when  vs  challenged  the 
right  of  another  nation  to  prescribe  zcnes  an  the  sea,  it 
was  the  navy  that  armed,  the  ships,  and  a  Washington  boy, 
whose  widowed  mother  now  mourns  the  loss  of  the  first  vic- 
tim in  this  war  in  which  we  are  engaged;  and  I  am  glad  to 
tell  you  that  this  morning  we  have  the  news  that  nearly  all 
the  men  who  were  thought  to  have  been  lost  yesterday  are 
saved    (Applause). 

•  In  all  the  legislation  that  has  been  enacted  by  this 
Congress  looking  to  a  successful  prosecution  of  this  war,  I 
have  observed  that  there  is  a  provieion  that  it  shall  con- 
tinue during  the  emergency  or  during  the  war-    We  do  not 
know  what  is  ahead  of  us.    We  do  know  the  menace  of  the 


•,- 1 


•1*>  "!'   '      .'»•. 


submarine  is  graver  and  more  serious  than  even  the  most  as- 
tute naval  experts  dreamed  it  could  be  a  year  ago.    And  now 
many  men  shall  be  killed,  and  how  many  ships  must  be  built 
is  in  the  future;  but  we  know  that  with  the  cooperation  of 
local  communities  and  States,  which  are  essential  and  which 
may  be  called  upon  temporarily  to  surrender  privileges  for 
the  common  good,  that  when  this  war  ends  the  righjts  of  local 
communities  and  States  and  the  Federal  Government  will  not 

» 

be  changed  one  whit. 

I  thank  you  gentlemen,  and  wish  you  to  convey  the  thanks 
of  the  navy  to  your  representatives  at  home  for  the  splendid 
way  in  which  they  have  responded  in  filling  up  the  ranks  of 
the  navy,  and  the  confidence  we  have  that  they  will  follow 
the  suggestion  of  the  Secretary  cf  War  and  make  Registration 
Day  a  day  of  holy  patriotism.    (Applause) 

THE  PRESIDING  OFFICER,  SECRETARY  BASER:    I  think  you 
gentlemen  will  be  interested  in  a  word  from  General  McCain 
with  regard  to  the  training  camps,  for  instance.    I  do  not 
want  to  make  his  speech  for  him.    I  couldn't.   But  I  do 
want  to  point  out  that  in  officering  the  new  forces  our  first 
great  task  arises.   General  McCain  can  give  you  perhaps  a 
better  estimate;  but  approximately  twenty-five  thousand  men 
will  be  needed  in  addition  to  those  who  are  already  officers 
of  the  regular  army,  national  guard*  or  reserve,  intended  to 
i-^ovide  officers  for  the  first  increment  of  the   new  force. 

Now,  in  anticipation  of  legislation.  Congress  not  yet  hav- 
ing acted  on  that  subject,  the  Adjutant  General,  who  was  pri- 
marily charged  with  the  responsibility  there,  acting  of  course 
in  concert  with  the  Chief  of  Staff  and  the  General  Staff  de- 


,.  , .   .           ...    .     -     .    ._  ..."     ••  •  .  i. . .- 

•  •■    •      •:    f  ■       •-..  \     •    ■  •  HS      ■■  -  •,  ,v.    ,      I- ■•  ■  ■     •■ 

•       -  -  •       r     ■  •  •                      --.:        "      - '    '  C          .    • 

...        ■  ',,,;.■      ■      U  -.                    ^   »  .    1  -'...■     "        '•'.'-■      '.    "'  ;    '■      •"      '    " 

..  .     ►  -  -      ...........         ;     ...  •            •-.'■        ^  -s..  '...;.' • 

.-;    '      ■■-     ■  ■■■■'■ 

•    .--■--          -    -• ..  -       :  ■., ;           :'.':.           .  -  f    .  -"-•-    -    -- 

'.-              ...........       .•;-:  ....           . 

.....         .      .                            .>       _  .             j~       ■■    -             ;     ..  .            ;    '. 

■          •    ;  .  •                                 :•    •  pki  ....... 

>     .    ■    ;  •            :  •■'■ 

:...'■■-  .'.--".' 


.-    ';..;■       '  ■-.'.'.'.    •'■■-■'        '   •:    '   '•'•-    >S>     fcl     -  :    '■  :         :-:""-    -  "r'- 


• 


. 


■  v    -    •*     .       -      \    -.-,:<.    :  .....  .  *    i  :'t       ■  '■  -~     •.■'-"  •- 

-  -     r."   r  ■.-■'.:.■  .  •  •  t    .  ;•-               .  j    .  '  ■  *  '■  ■  ' 

-                                                     .  .  .•  .■•..... 

■     •  -                                -  •  . .         . .: 


tei)3  -  j  retanlings  have  occurred  with  regard  to  the  conditions 
un<ier  which  those  camps  are  to  be  attended  by  the  young  men 
of  the  country  and  I  think  you  would  like  to  have  from  Gen- 
eral McCain  a  first-hand  statement  of  exactly  what  the  situ- 
ation was,  what  steps  he  tock  to  meet  it,  and  what  our  hope 
is  about  those  camps.     I  introduce  to  you  the  Adjutant 
General,  General  FcCain.    (Applause) 

ADDRESS  BY  GENERAL  K.  P.  McCAIN. 

Mr.  Chairman  and  Gentlemen:   As  the  Secretary  said,. the 
first  problem  that  confronted  us  was  obtaining  offisers  for 
the  Army  that  is  supposed  to  be  raised  and  imperatively 
needed  before  we  could  proceed  with  the  organization.    The 
National  Defense  Act  provided  for  an  Officers'  Reserve  Corps. 
We  were  getting  those,  but  very  slcwly..  and  v/e  are  not  alto- 
gether satisfied  as  to  the  method  to  be  adopted  to  get  the 
best  material.    As  the  time  of  the  passage  of  the  National 
Defense  Act  up  to  the  time  of  the  declaration  of  war,  we  had 
less  than  two  thousand  officers  for  the  line  of  the  army. 
The  War  Department  therefore  hit  upon  the  plan  of  organizing 
immediately  the  training  camp,  which  was  to  be  used  entirely 
in  the  training  of  material,  that  as  part  of  the  evidence 
Bl  owed  would  make  good  officers  for  the  Officers'  Reserve 
Corps  up  to  that  time.    We  went  at  it  in  makeshift,  and 
we  could  not  be  certain.   We  did  not  have  the  proof  of  the 
test  to  make  it  certain  that  we  were  getting  the  best  offi- 
cers in  the  organization  of  the  training  camp  that  we  put 
in  all  the  camps  of  the  country.   We  not  only  put  them 


. 


3   :    . 


f    ■ 


through  ft  traoret  icr.1   training  tut  we  w4/*.    have  then  under 
Co..  t  otse.'^v&tiou  of   experienced  officers  for    thi-ee  months. 

We  will  test  out.    their  mental  and   physical  conditio*'   and  he 
able   to   say  at   the   ^nd   o^*  that  time  wnetto»x   they  will  be  fit 
officers   to    coucaiid   ova:   army..  Tiei  camps  have  been  placed 

at   army  pests  heca'aue  the  Gov arnmeit  ha3   the  facilities,    owns 
everything  there,    has  the   facilities   in  officers  and  men  to 
best  take   cars  of  the    matter,    and   it   can  be   done  there  with 
the   least   expense  to  the  Governmentt. 

The  camps  will   be   organized.  They  are  being   organized 

now.        Training  will  begin   actively  on  the   fifteenth  of  this 
month.        All  candidal:  it   must  report  there  not   later  than  the 
fourteenth.        These  who  have  recei/ed  crm^issions   from  the 
Officers'    Reserve    Hups  will    be   ordered    3'it,    ordered  to    ac- 
tive duty  on   the   8th.        They  will    go  t-c   the   camps   and   organize 
them  and  be  reauy  to   receive  those  ifho  are  not   yet   in  the  Of- 
ficers'  Reserve  Co:. p-'.        The  applications   ?o  far  ha^e  in  many 
cases  far   exceeded   the   a^ocnttOdetdorin  that  we  have.        That 
is   fortunate    in  thax   the  Department   -jemmdndanis  will  be  able 
to  make  a  selection  of  those  best  fitted  for   training.        The 
Secretary  has  fixed  the  age   limit,    the  minimum  twenty  years 
and  nine  months   and   the  maxiniom  f T.rty-f ou.:«        They  hope  to 
get   formed  those  ficflt    camps   of  mature  men  who  will   inspire 
the   confidence  of    the   men   in  the   rankr.        We  have  got   to  have 
fourteen    camps,    accommodating  xwenty-five   t hundred  men  each, 
in  that  way  we  expect   to    educatte  between  thirty  and   forty 
thousand,    and   out  of  that  we  will  select   a   sufficient  number 
to    officer  the  first   five  hundred  thousand  men-         It   takes 
about   one  officer  to    about   every  twanvy-twc   or  twenty-three 


'ti 


■  i    >. 


•  o^-> 


;***  ; 


3'XiV.i 


&&J  , 


:TC  '  - 


-  -  ~  '  ■ :  ...  .• 


'•::-. 


XM-iftas   ,; 


-«.. 


- 


'      * 


■ 


t~>- 


•'  A  .. 


'•'•-  '         , 


{.  -  :  s 


' 


" 


*    -v.  • 
. ... .  H. 


••-..'•       '• 


- 


enlisted  men   in  the  army,  counting  the  staff  and  all. 

n  sending  the  reserve  officers  to  the  camp  as  soon  as 
they  are  celled  out  they  get  the  pay  cf  their  grade,    They 
stand  the  expense  of  uniforms  and  their  accommodations.  Those 
who  are  not  in  the  Officers'  Reserve  Corps  will  have  their 
expenses  to  the  camp  paid,  their  expense  at  the  camp  and  a 
uniform  furnished  them. 

The  Secretary  has  asked  Congress  to  provide  a  salary 
for  those  who  are  not  in  the  Officers'  Reserve  Corps.   In- 
formal inquiry  of  the  members  of  the  Conference  committee 
on  the  Army  Appropriation  Bill  elicits  the  information  that 
it  will  undoubtedly  go  through.    If  that  is  dene  we  can 
reach  every  class  of  people  in  the  United  States.    The  War 
Department  has  endeavored  to  reach  not   only  these  in  the 
city  and  universities  but  throughout  the  factories  and  the 
country,  and  if  we  are  able  to  pay  salaries  there  is  no  re- 
ason why  the   poorest  man  should  not  attend  tnis  camp.     T. 
have  no  doubt  myself  that  eubh  a  salary  will  be  authorized. 

After  conclusion  of  the  camp,  they  will  be  raised  ac- 
cording to  the  various  grades.    Tho?e  that  are  to  be  accepted 
will  get  commissions,  and  it  is  expected  th«£  may  be  called 
into  active  service  with  troops  at  the  end  of  three  months. 
In  addition  to  these  camps,  we  have  camps  for  non-commissioned 
officers,  where  they  will  be  instructed.    We  have  among  the 
non-commissioned  officers  cf  the  regular  army,  probably  as 
good  material  for  officers  as  you  will  find  anywhere  in  the 
country.    They  are  highly  trained  ©an  of  fine  physique,  fulj 
of  intelligence^  and  will  mike  sj.!!  end  let  officers.   ?.:oa  thewe 
two  sources  we  expect  to  be  able  ::v.    a  fchort  time  --  three 
months  --  to  start  a  supply  of  officers  that  will  be  ample 


.*>«-«>.  ~    4-1-,-,  J. 


•<:  '>?.■■ 


.  •* 


After  this  camp,  undoubtedly  there  will  be  others. 
In  that  way  we  hope  to  keep  jp  a  supply  that  may  not  be 
exhausted.   I  do  not  know  that  there  is  anything  else  that 
I  may  add  at  this  time.   (Applause) 

THE  PRESIDING  OFFICER,  SECRETARY  BAKER;   Now,  gentle- 
men, I  am  going  to  ask  that  the  Judge  Advocate  General,  Gen- 
eral Crowder,  speak  to  you  about  the  registration  which  he 
is  especially  interested  in  at  this  time.   General  Crowder 
(Applause) 

STATEMENT  BY  GENERAL  E.  H.  CHOWDER, 
JUDGE  ALVOCATE  GENERAL  OF  THE  ARMY. 

Mr.  Secretary  and  Gentlemen.:   The  task  which  is  assign- 
ed me  need  not  detain  us  long.  Of  course,  the  enrollment 
of  a  nation  of  one  hundred  millions  of  people,  -  —  that  is, 
the  enrollment  of  its  army  bearing  population,  — -  is  a  very 
large  task.   But  I  cannot  believe  that  it  is  difficult  in 
any  other  sense. 

No  one  would  balk  at  the  task  of  enrolling  the  military 
propulation  of  a  voting  precinct.   The  task  for  the  county 
is  the  task  for  the  voiting  precinct  multiplied  by  the  num- 
ber of  precincts;  the  task  for  the  State  is  the  task  for 
thecounty,  multiplied  by  the  number  of  counties,  and  the 
task  for  the  Nation  is  the  task  for  a  single  State,  multi- 
plies by  the  number  of  States, 

The  plan  proposed  is  thoroughly  described  by  the  phhase, 
"supervised  decentralization."  We  are  enabled  to  follow 
that  plan  because  the  pending  legislation  provides  that 


-?  f 


:S   :v---.     C~' 


. .     •  .  V       ■* 


iti     ;    '3:    ■3 


'JK-'X-S.T -*«    .>;»■■     fi.**.-'*iO-iii 


'•  i.       .-J 


'      i  ■"  isff 


V$«U?03       .';tt    T 


J., 


~  E  ,'"  »">  V 


■ 


c  iv  i     A"-'     JT-.-i-i 


15   ;-:.,   , 


'■'.  (f't.Zt  ''       r;  I     "■■  - 


I     J»  .  i  ? 


j'Ktt 


■.  {■  .— «  .-       a 


.;f 


7  :;.r   «  ■  M?o~      .  a  i 


::j^:> 


"The  President  is  hereby  authorized  to  utili- 
ze the  service  of  any  and  ell  Departments  end  any 
and  all  officers  or  agents  of  the  United  States  and 
of  the  several  States,  territories,  and  the  District 
of  Columbia,  in  the  execution  of  this  Act,  and  all 
officers  and  agents  oft  he  officers  and  of  agents  of 
the  officers  and  of  the  several  states,  territories 
and  the  District  of  Columbia  are  hereby  required  to 
perform  such  duty  in  the  execution  of  the  Act  that 
the  President  shall  order  or  direct*" 

The  corresponding  lanugage  of  the  Senate  draft  includes 
municipal  officials  and  alien?,  but  under  either  draft  wer 
have  a  broad  ^rant  of  authority  which  would  enable  the  Pres- 
ident to  Set  up  an  exclusive  Federal  machinery  for  taking 
this  census  an»t  for  executing  the  draft.   It  would  also 
enable  him  to  s-H  up  an  exclusively  State,  county  and  muni- 
cipal machinery  for  the  purpose  of  ta&ng  the  census.   What 
has  been  done  in  the  tentative  plan  has  been  to  utilize 
both  classes  of  instrumentalities,  and  in  this  way. 

Oiir  people  have  long  been  accustomed  to  assemble  in 
their  domiciliary  voting  precinct":  for  the  purpose  of  being 
registered  upon  various  issues  by  State,  county  and  munici- 
pal officials.   This  fact  has  suggested  the  voting  precinct 
as  the  primary  registration  unti  in  this  military  census, 
with  registrars  in  each  precinct.   Then  next  -  subdivision 
of  our  country  into  wnich  all  these  Voting  precincts  inte- 
grate withou  overlapping  is  the  county.   This  fact  suggests 
a  county  board  of  enrollment  to  supervise  the  wcrk  of  regis- 
trars.  A  central  coordinating  agency  in  each  State  is  nec- 
essary and  there  was  little  difficulty  in  reaching  the  con»- 
clusion  that  that  central  coordinating  agency  Bhauld  be  the 
Governor,  assisted  by  some  central  office  which  would  releive 
him  of  detail.   A  supervising  Federal  agency  was  necessary 
to  be  created  in  the  city  of  Washington.   The  tentative  reg- 
ulations have  provided  a  mchinery  of  this  character,  and  it 


- 


: 

•  v     ...  .  .    . 


- 


- 


—  r  - 


|      .         • 


1 

; 


4         .  -  *     * 


. 


is  true  that  we  have  decentralized  to  the  extent  of  rely- 
ing mainly  upon  State,  County  and  municipal  officials  and 
agents,  and  that  the  activities  of  the  Federal  Government 
are  limited  to  coordination  and  supervision. 

In  drafting  the  regulations  and  providing  the  neces- 
sary blank  forms  we  have  had  the  aid  of  the  Census  Bureau 
of  the  Department  of  Commerce  and  Labor.   They  have  helped 
us  to  devise  cards  of  registntion  and  other  necessary  blank 
forms,  including  summarization  sheets  which  roust  be  filled 
out  by  registrars  for  their  precincts,  by  county  boards 
tar  their  counties,  and  by  State  executive  for  the  States. 
Tbe  printing  has  all  been  set  up  and  we  wait  only  for  the 
final  approval  of  the  bill  to  have  the  blank  stricten  off 
and  assembled  for  distribution.  With  the  aid  of  the  Post 
Office  Department  complete  mailing  lists  have  been  prepared. 
Upon  24  hours*  notice  we  shall  be  able  to  commence  the  dis- 
tribution of  the  blank  forms  which  are  necessary  in  the  ex- 
ecution of  the  law,  with  full  instructions  outling  the 
duties  of  tne  various  State  ,  county  andmunicipal  agents  upon 
whom  the  Government  relies  for  the  making  of  the  enrollment. 

The  boards  of  control  in  the  counties  are  to  be  maiftly 
ex-officio  boards,  and  would  be  constituted  by  the  Governors. 
On  the  theory  that  the  board  would  need  an  executive  officer, 
it  has  been  suggested  that  the  sheriff  of  the  county  be  in- 
cluded.  In  the  view  that  the  board  would  need  an  office  of 
recotd,  it  was  further  suggested  that  the  county  clerk  might 
properly  be  included.   As  at  a  later  stage  in  the  execution 
of  the  law,  namely,  the  imposition  of  the  draft,  a  physician 


;toi;~:'  sS  *s 


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ft .4.-1  -i  •.,;*«  fcto  jtats:  *******    • 


:  *>       *  '■*  t 


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■ 


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t   ,***'. 


...         .         —.•■)•>  ^ .     *r  —  "*■      '       \     *         >  A  •  ■  " ' «  *■  •        •  " 


would  be  needed,  it  was  suggested  that  the  county  physician 
be  included,  and  where  there  was  no  county  physician  that 
a  duly  licensed  physician  be  appointed.   However,  the  in- 
structions thus  far  prepared  and  communicated  lay  down 
no  inflexible  rule  respecting  the  composition  of  these 
boards.   Where  governors  are  conviced  that,  because  of  lo- 
cal conditions  the  personnel  of  these  exofficio  boards 
should  be  varied,  they  have  been  given  all  necessary  au- 
thority. 

-The  machinery  will  work  like  this:   On  the  day  that 
the  President  signs  the  bill,  it  is  contemplated  that  he 
will  sign  also  his  proclammation  fixing  a  day  for  the  reg- 
istration, which  will  be  uniform  for  the  United  States. 
Immediately  there  will  be  commenced  a  distribution  of  the 
proclamation,  blank  forms,  and  all  necessary  instructions 
in  detail.   We  shall  be  concerned,  first,  in  supplying  the 
more  remote  States.   Our  conference  with  the  Post  Office 

Department  leads  us  to  believe  that  the  distribution  to 
county  seats  can  be  completed  in  the  most  remote  counties 

on  the  fifth  day  after  the  bill  is  signed.   There  isno 
reason  why  the  county  boards  of  enrollment  cannot  be  con- 
stituted by  the  Governors  immediately  upon  telegraphic 
notice  to  them  that  the  bill  has  been  approved.   It  is 
reasonable  to  assume  that  upon  the  third  day  after  the 
bill  has  been  signed  these  boards  will  have  been  organized 
and  ready  to  function.   They  can  move  promptly  and  swiftly 
in  the  matter  of  appointing  registrars  for  each  voting 
precinct,  and  these  registrars,  it  would  seem  might  be  ap- 
pointed and  fully  instructed  in  their  duties  on  the  eighth 
day  after  the  bill  is  signed.   If  the  Secretary  of  War 


puts  the  lash  to  the  administrative  machinery  that  has 
"been  devised,  there  is  no  reason  why  the  enrollment  of 
the  arms-bearing  population  cannot  be  completed  upon 
the  tenth  day  after  the  bill  is  sighed.   Summarization 
sheets  will  be  filled  out  by  registrars  on  the  regis- 
tration day  and  sent  immediately  to  the  county  boards. 
The  county  summarization  sheets  will  be  made  out  promptly 
and  sent  to  the  Governor,  and  also  a  telegraphic  summary 
of  the  result  for  that  county.   A  telegraphic  summary 
will  'fee  forwarded  by  the  Governor  to  the  central  office 
in  Washington,  and  there  is  no  reason  why  we  cannot  be, 
under  this  rush  procedure,  advised  here  on  the  twelfth 
day  as  to  the  nunbe  js  enbraced  in  the  various  classes* 
The  more  detailed  information  cannot  be  received  in  Wash- 
ington until  the  mails  can  erring  it  in. 

I  have  outlined  a  very  urgent  program,  the  execution 
of  which  will  put  everybody  concerned  to  the  test.   I 
thin,  however,  that  we  should  have  a  liberal  allowance  of 
time  if  the  proclamation  of  the  President  should  that  the 
registration  should  take  place  upon  the  fifteenth  day  after 

the  approval  of  the  bill  instead  of  the  tenth  day.   The 
fifteen  day  period  would  be  much  shorter  than  is  within 

the  contemplation  of  any  one  who  has  discussed  the  matter 
publicly,  either  in  the  press  or  in  Congress,   The  opinion 
generallyyprevails  that  the  Registration  cannot  be  completed 
and  the  nation  put  in  a  position  to  raise  armies  by  the 
method  outlined  in  this  bill,  much  before  September*   A  cen- 
tral office  has  already  been  established  in  this  city  and 
a  personnel  is  there  prepared  to  explain  in  detail  the 


- 


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■  ••  f,  " *'"<  -  X 


.....  .        -      ■-• 

.,  :l    si    ..;■'•  ■   -  *••     •-•  •  -*  -  «•  — 

-    ;«,-T.^i.    ?r\-  r-  ■■■.■■■•■  ■  A 

,  -     -  •   :- 


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...... 

......  -    -'  . 

v'-.    ri it*    *     '»   '    to  .•;•:?    JTiTv    . .   -     •  - 

•  !      :- 

....  -      :       •    ?£J,    .....,,.  .■•'■-  ?-??- 

•  .    J  .  •    .. 

;     /  <     ^f^iC     #at  r.':     fit     '■'■   -'     ■  s  .  -;      ' 


system  to  any  member  of  the  State  councils  here  presented 

who  is  desiorous  of  detailed  information.   We  are  prepared 

with  page  proof  of  regulations  which  are  as  yet  in  tentative 

form  and  cannot  be  put  in  final  form  until  the  law  has  been 
enacted. 

THE  PRESIDING  OFFICER,  SECRETARY  BAKER:   I  should 
be  very  happy  gentlemen  to  have  you  know  and  note  parti- 
cularly the  last  suggestion  of  the  Judge  Advocate  General. 
The  office  to  which  he  refers  is  in  what  used  to  be  the 
Post  Office  Building,  between  Seventh  and  Eigth  and  "E" 
and  "G"  streets,  or  Sixth  and  Seventh  rather.   It  is  one 
of  the  usual  type  of  monumental  buildings  of  Washington, 
resembling  a  government  building,  so  that  you  will  have  no 
difficulty  in  finding  it.   If  you  will  go  into  General 
Crwoder' s  office,  tfcs  re  -you  will  find  the  officers  who 
are  working  on  this  matter  with  him.   They  will  be  very 
glad  to  go  over  ^any  details  with  you  and  put  you  in  pos- 
session of  the  plan.   Ask  for  the  office  of  the  Provost 
Marshal  General  or  for  General  Crowder's  office.   The 
guards  will  know  where  to  take  you. 

As  I  sat  here  a  note  was  handed  me,  suggesting  that 
the  Adjutant  General  might  perhaps  with  interest  to  you 
answer  this  question;   "Many  enlisted  men  in  the  National 
Guard  are  applicants  for  enrollments  in  an  officers'  train- 
ing camp.   Many  of  these  are  promising  material,.   There 
enlistment  can  not  be  accpted  unless  until  they  have  been 
granted  furloughs  from  the  National  Guard.  "That  raises 
the  further  question  of  the  policy  of  the  government.  I 
determined  that  question  yesterday,  and  am  very  glad  to*"- 


.  >    


.  •  t  r 


uoi 


. ,  .  .  .     '     I 

'-:,,.■■■:■'       ' 

- 


be  able  to  tell  you  the  answer.    It  seemed  wise  not  to 
allow  officers  of  She  National  Guard  to  go  to  these 
training  camps  because  they  are  already  officers.   What 
we  are  trying  to  do  is  to  increase  the  number  of  officers, 
and  the  officers  of  the  National  Guard  will  go  in  as 
officers  anyhow,  and  in  addition  to  that,  a  very  large 
number  of  regiments  in  the  National  Guard  are  already 
in  the  Federal  service,  and  it  would  be  disorganizing  to 
spare  the  officers  in  those  regiments  and  it  would  be 
unfair  to  spare  some  and  not  all  the  officers  who  care  to 
go;   so  that  the  decision  of  the  Department  is  against 
furloughing  officers  of  the  National  Guard  to  these  train- 
ing camps.    Of  course,  we  cannot  have  an  indiscriminate 
breaking  up  of  National  Guard  regiments  in  favor  of  these 
camps,  so  that  it  was  determined  yesterday  that  twenty-five 
men  per  regiment  from  the  National  Guard  —  enlisted  men  -- 
could  be  designated  by  theColonel  in  each  regiment  to  at- 
tend these  camps  and  furloughed.    They  will  be  the  men 
selected  by  the  Colonel  as  most  premising  for  development 
into  officer  material. 

Now,  gentlemen,  I  am  quite  sure  you  would  all  be  glad 
to  have  a  few  words  from  Secretary  Lane,  and  he  has  kindly 
permitted  me  to  introduce  him  to  you  in  this  fashion.    I 
call  on  the  Secretary  of  the  Inter ior*     (Applause). 


&DDRES8  BY  HON.    FRAftZLIJI  K.    LANE 
Secretary  ef  the    Interior. 
At  Meeting  of  State  Councils  of  Defense. 

May  2,    1917. 


Mr  .Secretary  Baker  and  Gentlemen:   I  do  not  see  why  the 
Secretary  should  have  s_.id  that  I  have  "permitted  him  to  intro- 
dace  me",  because  this  is  not  a  time  when  the  Secretary  of  War 
should  feel  called  upon  to  ask  anybody's  permission  to  do  anything. 

I  have  a  department  that  deals  With  a  great  many  phases  of 
our  national  life,  and  has  a  great  deal  of  human  interest  in  it, 
as  most  of  you  know.   Those,  however ,  who  come  from  the  West  are 

i 

far  more  familiar  with  it  than  those  from  East  of  the  Missouri 
Biver,  though  there  are  few  families  in  the  United  States  that  in 
some  way  or  another  we  do  not  touch. 

The  Pension  Department  is  an  interesting  one  to  the  gentle--  • 
men  who  are  interested  in  politics  and  all  who  are  looking  out  for 
the  future  welfare  of  those  who  will  be  or  who  are  the  dependents, 
of  those  who  go  to  the  front.   There  has  been  a  great  deal  of  frac-1 
in  our  pension  system,  and  that  fraud  has  to  a  very  considerable 
jpctent  been  due  to  the  government  itself,  to  the  lax  methods  pur- 
sued by  the  government  in  gaining  the  facts  that  were  necessary 
upon  which  to  adjudicate  the  claims  that  were  presented. 

I   We  have  in  our  department  also  the  patent  Office,  and  we  are 
ying  to  summon  to  the  support  of  the  United  States  at  this  time 
ne   inventive  genius  of  the  United  States.   You  know  perhaps  the 
situation  on  the  other  side  of  the  water  with  regard  to  the  subma- 
rine.  No  one  here  knows  the  exact  figure  of  loss  the  past  ten  days 
It  xrobably  ran  up  to  four  hundred  thousand  tons.   That's  a  start- 
ling figure  to  us;  it  is  a  terrorizing  figure  to  England  and  to 

ace.      If  that  figure  should  be  kept  up  for  any  length  of  time, 

it  /ouid  lay  those  countries  prostrate.,  unless  we  could  go  to  their 

•ort  or  through  the  inventive  mind  of  man  some  means  could  be 


discovered  by  rhich  the  submarine  as  a  terrorizer  and  a  destroyer 
co aid  be  put  oat  of  business. 

Our  Civil  "rar  saw  invention  after  invention  created  by  the 
magic  mind  of  man  to  offset  some  invention  produced  on  the  opposite 
side,  or  to  bring  some  new  method  of  destruction  into  play.   It 
is  ray  great  hope  that  out  of  this  war  and  perhaps  before  long  the 
rare  genius  that  we  have  for  producing  now  mechanical  devices  and 
laying  hold  upon  new  resources  may  discover  a  method  by  which  the 
effectiveness  of  the  submarine  can  be  at  any  rate  greatly  diminishes 
I  had  a  talk,  for  instance,  the  other  day,  with  a  group  of  inven- 
tors.  This  thought  was  thrown  out,  that  possibly  a  force  could  be 
generated  in  the  ship  itself,  an  electrical  wave  of  some  kind  that 
could  surround  the  moving  ship  :md  render  the  torpedo  valueless 
cither  by  diverting  or  by  exploding  it  before  it  reaches  the  ship. 

Such  things  look  like  impossibilities ,  but  we  who  are  famil- 
iar with  the  wireless  know  that  there  is  nothing  now  that  can  be 
called  a  miracle.   The  submarine  itself  is  a  miracle;  the  airship 
is  a  miracle;  the  war  is  being  conducted  by  two  things  that  never 
were  used  before.   It  is  not  the  land  force  now  that  is  the  great 
terrorizing  force;  it's  the  airships,  which  are  new  scouts,  and 
it's  the  submarine  which  is  the  new  horroar;  so  that  the  mind  of  thy 
American,  directed  upon  this  concrete  proposition  of  ho;?  to  over- 

re  the  evil  influence  of  the  submarine,  nay  find  a  way  to  rescue 
I  say  deliberately  rescue  us  --  you  Men  come  from  all  states 
the  Union.   I  have  a  large  correspondence  with  those  sections 
of  this  country  which  lie  out  toward  my  home,  and  I  ^ind  that  they 
do  not  yet  realize  and  are  not  conscious  of  the  fact  that  this  is 
our  war,  just  as  really  our  war  as  it  is  England's  war,  or  France's 
war,  or  Russia's  war.   The  fact  is  that  England  and  Prance  are 
fighting  for  principles  which  we  might  almost  say  we  invented.  If 
it  hadn't  been  for  our  ""ar  of  the  Revolution,  the  world  would  not 
have  taken  the  lead  toward  democracy  that  it  has  in  the  last  centur 
And  when  we  say  that  England  is  the  "Hot  her  Country",  we  are  saying 
something  that  is  understandable  to  the  mass .   But  in  this  situatic 


t I . " 


the  United  States  is  the  "Mother  Country."  In  going  in  to  this 
war  we  are  really  standing  by  our  ov/n  children  who  are  fighting 
for  the  principles  that  we  first  completely  announced  in  the  De- 

Ilaration  of  Independence, 
And  it's  a  humiliating  thought,  and  one  perhaps  that  should 
not  be  expressed,  to  think  of  the  possibility  of  our  failing  in 
this  enterprise.   There  were  a  great  many  people  in  the  United 
States  who  thought  that  all  we  had  to  do  was  to  issue  a  certain 
number  of  bonds,  and  announce  that  fact  in  the  papers,  and  that 
Germany  would  bow  her  head  in  humiliation  and  ask  for  terms. 
Germany  understands  perfectly  well  the  condition  in  which  we  are. 
We  are  three  thousand  miles  removed  from  the  battle  front.   And 
that  battle  front  should  never  be  brought  to  the  Atlantic  Coast! 

tis  war  should  be  fought  on  the  waters  on  the  opposite  side  of 
e  sea,  and  on  the  lands  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  sea;  but  it 
11  be  fought  on  this  side  unless  we  beat  them  there,  and  to  beat 
em  there  we  ■  have  got  to  .iove  quicklyl   So  that  every  word  that 
Secretary  Baker  said  to  you  is  tho  ■  bsolute  truth. 

Yes,  we  are  three  thousand  milos  from  the  fighting  line,  and 
have  got  to  get  there  somehow.   So  wo  need,  as  Mr.  Daniels 
said,  we  need  ships.   We  are  building  wooden  ships;  we  are  going 
to  build  steel  ships.   The  genius  of  the  United  States  is  not  go- 
ing to  let  us  bo  satisfied  with' building  a  type  of  ship  that  is 
fifty  years  old,  valuable  as  it  will  prove  in  this  hour.   You  can- 
not tell  me  that  those  men  who  are  running  the  shipyards  of  the 
United  States  cannot  speed  up  and  find  new  methods  and  produce 
steel  ships  to  meet  this  demand.   They've  simply  got  to  do  it, 
ecause  we  have  got  to  have  those  ships  to  make  this  fight. 

And  there  is  one  thing  too  that  I  may  say  to  you  as  repre- 
senting various  communities.   At  the  beginning  of  every  war  there 
is  dissatisfaction  and  discontent  with  those  who  are  running  the 
War.   I  suppose  --  I  hope  you  have  all  read  Gideon -nsll1 s  "Diary-' 
Mr.  "ells  was  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy  under  Lincoln,  lived 
through  his  administration,  and  on  into  Johnson's  administration, 


• 


and  if  you  read  that  you  will  discover  ho-;  much  of  dissatisfaction 
there  was  with  the  way  in  which  Mr.  Lincoln  was  conducting  the 
war.   At  ono  time  Lincoln  said  that  he  had  but  one  man  in  the 
lower  House  of  Congress  who  really  v/as  his  champion.   Every  one 
of  us  is  trying  with  all  his  might  to  do  his  best.   He  is  subject 
to  criticism  if  he  is  negligent.   But  make  the  test  always  upon 
the  basis  of  ascertained  facts,  and  not  upon  the  basis  of  idle 

(mor. 
You  know  there  are  a  great  many  people  in  the  United  States 
o  have  been  raised  under  the  individualistic  system,  which  we 
are  fighting  to  preserve , --the  right  of  a  man  to  have  his  own 
thoughts  and  not  to  conform  to  the  thoughts  of  those  above  him. 
T"e  ,  in  the  United  States,  being  raised  under  that  philosophy,  ' 
have  a  notion  in  our  heads  that  we  can  do  things  somewhat  better 
than  the  other  fellow;  that  it's  a  part  of  almost  every  political 
creed  and  almost  every  political  platform,  that  the  fellow  who 
is  in  and  doing  the  job  is  wrong,  but  the  fellow  who  is  out  and 
does  not  have  the  chance  to  do  it,  could  do  it  much  better.   VTe 
are  raised  upon  that  kind  of  doctrine  I 

There  was  a  great  literary  man  in  England  named  Matthew 
Arnold,  who  spent  a  long  and  very  brilliant  life  in  criticism  of 
the  philosophies  and  the  institutions  and  the  conduct  of  those  who 
were  around  him.   He  had  the  gift  of  expression,  and  therefore  wa£ 
listened  to  by  large  audiences,   ^'hen  ho  died,  the  word  was  carrie- 
to  Mr.  Andrew  Lang.   Lang  paused  and  said  "Poor  Arnold!   You  know 
I  am  sorry  for  him.   He  won't  like  Godl"  So  if  you  can  carry  that 
suggestion  back  home  when  you  hear  these  people  decry  what  the  ad- 
ministration is  doing,  you  will  be  rendering  a  great  service  to 
your  government. 

I  am  putting  in  on  my  reclamation  system  a  program  that  per- 
haps it  is  hard  to  make  work  at  first,  but  for  which  I  havu  high 
hopes,  not  merely  as  to  the  reclamation  projects,  but  as  to  our 
general  farming  communities .   I  have  sent  to  them  an  appeal  that 


N      /  ■  r- 


*   J 


:.  t 


■       . 


:■' •,;.'•■■.;  '.      .••: ■•;•.•      > 


-■:    t  & 


■     •/>    '>vt:'J     .!- ...  *      :•  ;.: 

;■  '■     '■  .-.-■  ;■■  .  '  :  •■■      •  ■  ,• 


<      ■'     ■ 


(:■) 


they  should  organize  themselves,  and  that  they  should  organ- 
ize themselves  in  the  same  nay  that  men  in  the.  factory  are 
organized.   Each  man  should  he  organized  around  a  machine, 
pust  as  the  men  in  the  army  are  organized  around  a  gun. 
find  that  some  iren  are  rich  enough  to  have  tractors:  some 

1  are  rich  enough  to  have  gang  plows;  and  so  I  am  trying 
to  get  the  men  on  these  projects  to  Organize  themselves 
iround  these  machines,  and  treat  these  machines  as  common 

:operty,  and  have  the  farmers  farm  in  companies,  who  will 
jlow  not  only  their  own  lands,  but  the  lands  of  all  their 

:ighbors,  and  seed  them,  and  then  harvest  the  crops;  and 

ley  will  move  like  a  great  flying  squadron  across  a  farm- 
ing community,  and  do  the  work  collectively  that  is  now 

sing  individualist  ically  done. 

That  idea  may  not  be  limited  to'a  reclamation  pro- 
ject; it  can  be  put  into  effect  in  every  county  and  every 
farming  district  in  the  United  Ste/tee.   The  farmer  has  been 
more  backward  in  organizing  than  anyone  else  in  the  country. 
He  has  been  taught  to  believe  that  he  was  economically  inde- 
pendent, and  therefore  he  has  felt  that  he  might  just  as  well 
have,  and  should  have ,  all  of  his  own  implements  and  be  en- 
tirely self-sufficing  as  an  economic  factor.   The  wise  farmers 
are  learning  that  that  can't  be  done,  that  they  must  play  the 
game  together,  that  there  is  such  a  thing  as  a  spirit  of  the 
gang  which  makes  for  effectiveness,  that  there  is  such  a  thing 
as  farming  in  a  wholesale  way  which  makes  for  larger  crops  and 
ultimately  for  less  work. 

And  that  brings  me  to  this  thought,  that  we  must  not  look 
at  this  season  alone.   You  and  I  do  not  know  when  this  war  is 
voing  to  end.   This  may  not  be  a  one  year's  job.   Whatever  the 
size  of  the  job,  we  have  got  to  provide  for  it  and  be  equal  to 
it.   '."or.  myself,  I  do  not  believe  •  it  ' ,-..  to  be  ended  in  this  year. 


Germany,  according  to  Mr.  Hoover ! o  statement  to  me,  has  a 
food  supply,  with  a  fair  crop  this  year,  that  will  last 
two  year3.   She  has  eighteen  million  cattle  left.   She 
still  has  an  abundance  of  iron  and  plenty  of  coal,   What 
her  other  internal  conditions  may  be,  I  do  not  know:  but 
she  has  put  up  the  greatest  fight  that  the  world  has  ever 
seen,   She  has  the  easiest  end  of  the  fight  now,  because 
le  is  on  the  defensive,  "here  she  can  hold  her  trenches 
.th  a  comparatively  small  number  of  men  against  a  larger 
'orce.   She  has  the  inner  line  cf  the  circle,   She  ha„s  been 
>reparing  a  long  time,  she  had  her  railroad  lines  complete 
to  care  for  her  needs.   So  when  you  go  home,  I  beg  of  you 
not  to  inspire  your  people  with  the  belief  that  by  immediate 
action  even  they  are  going  to  bring  this  thing  to  an  immed- 
iate end,  but  prepare  your  plans  so  that  if  yo-i  cannot  sow 
this  year  and  reap  this  yea.r,  you  can  sow  next  year  more 
successfully  and  extensively,  and  reap  a  more  abundant  har- 
vest next  year,   We  cannot,  we  must  not  fail  in  this  venture. 
The  pride  that  we  have  in  our  own  ability  won't  let  us  even 
to  think  of  such  a  thing.   But  war  is  now  a  matxer  of  fore- 
sight, and  not  merely  an  expression,  a  gesture,  and  we  must- 
think,  therefore,  to  the  crops  of  next  year,  of  xhe  mine  out- 
put of  next  year,  cf  the  aeroplane  output  of  next  year.   And 
there  is  no  man  all  down  the  line  from  California,  to  Maine 
who  isn't  involved  in  this  work, — not  a  single  man  who  isn't 
a  part  of  our  social  and  industrial  fabric;  so  tied  up  with 
the  pushing  of  this  great  enterprise  that  he  is  not  a  soldier 
under  the  flag. 

And  there  is  one  line  of  work  which  you  men  can  do  far 
better  than  we  can,  and  that  is  the  inspiring  of  your  people. 
The  hope  that  the  French  have  is  that  the  morale  of  the  Ger- 
mans will  break  down.   The  hope  that  we  have  is  that  the  mo- 
rale of  the  people  of  the  United  States  will  rise. 

/ 


THE  PRESIDING  OFFICER, SECRETARY  BAKER:   Gentlemen, 
we  are  substantially  through  with  what  is  planned  for 
this  morning. 

I  have  had  a  second  question  submitted  to  met  Will 
volunteering  and  the  process  of  selective  conscription 
proceed  simultaneously?  Volunteering  is  going  on  now. 
We  are  receiving  large  numbers  of  recruits  at  this  time. 
The  use  of  selective  conscription  to  fill  up  the  regular 
army  and  National  Guard  will  only  be  resorted  to  after 
a  sufficient  opportunity  to  do  that  by  volunteering  has 
been  extended,  so  that  there  will  be  no  operation  of  the 
draft  for  the  regular  army  and  national  guard  until  full 
opportunity  to  recruit  them  to  war  strength  by  the  volun- 
teer process  has  been  extended.  The  volunteer  process, 
however,  does  not  apply  at  any  stage  to  the  so-called  addi- 
tional forces  of  five  hundred  thousand  men.  The  likeli- 
hood, therefore,  is  that  the  two  propositions  will  not  be 
in  operation  at  the  same  time.  That  is,  that  the  draft 
will  not  be  actively  in  operation  unless  it  should  be  for 
the  additional  force  while  the  volunteering  is  going  on 
for  the  other  two  forces. 

SECRETARY  LANE:   Mr,  Chairman,  I  am  asked  this  ques- 
tion as  to  what  method  of  selection  will  be  adopted. 

THE  PRESIDING  OFFICER,  SECRETARY  BAKER:    It  will 
be  usually  by  lot  — -  the  jury  wheel  process.  All  of  the 
men  of  military  age  will  be  registered,  and  by  the  jury 
wheel  process  the  requisite  number  will  be  selected  out  of 
that  total.  They  will  be  subjected  to  physical  examina- 
tion and  the  number  physically  or  otherwise  disqualified* 
rejected,  and  further  lots  drawn  from  the  total  available 
in  each  community,  so  as  to  keep  the  contingent  of  the 
community  full  while  a  process  of  examination  in  selecting 


■ 

■     -      .  •-.    . 


■ 


.  ■:  •      ■■    -  -      ■■*  .      . 

..■■•■'-• 

«  *  '         v  .'•'•'- 

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■-"-,.■ 

* .   .  .  ,  * 

. '    '  •    '  .••'•'■       -  .  ..•-. 

■.':•...■■;        L,  . .-  .       .  .■  •   .    -       - 

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;  r .  .  .     .      .. 


out  those  who  can  not  be  spared  from  their  industrial 
work  and  exempting  them,  the  persons  thus  exempted  being 
honorably  discharged  and  given  some  sort  of  indication 
that  their  failure  to  be  in  the  force  is  not  due  to  un- 
willingness on  their  party  to  3erve. 

MR,  CARNEY,  OF  WISCONSIN:   Mr.  Secretary,  you  said 
that  those  who  will  be  useful  in  certain  kinds  of  trades 
might  be  exempted.  Will  there  be  a  list  made  of  essential 
trades  which  will  be  a  guidance  to  the  county  council7 

THE  PRESIDING  OFFICER,  SECRETARY  BAKER:   No,  I  do 
not  think  there  will  be  a  list  made  of  essential  trades*. 
The  regulation  for  exemptions  is  the  most  difficult  to 
draw.  The  Department  will  draw  a  set  of  regulations  which 
will  be  applied  by  the  local  bodies.  Those  regulations 
will  not  exempt  people  by  classes  because  there  are  a  great 
many  people  even  in  indispensible  classes  who  are  not  them- 
selves indispensible  (laughter),  and  it  would  make  a  very 
unfortunate  situation,  I  think,  for  the  War  Department  to 
say  that  any  particular  class  of  persons  are  going  to  be 
exempted,  and  the  burden  of  actual  military  operations 
thrown  on  the  remaining  classes.  We  are  going  to  make 
regulations  under  which  the  indispensibleness  of  a  man's 
relation  to  industry  or  agriculture  can  be  determined  by 
local  boards,  but  not  to  exempt  by  classes, 

A  MEMBER:   Mr,  Chairman,  will  copies  of  these  ad- 
dresses be  available  to  take  home  with  us? 

THE  PRESIDING  OFFICER,  SECRETARY  BAKER*    I  do  not 
know.  They  are  being  taken  stenogfaphically,  and  I  hope 
they  can  be  made  available* 

A  MEMBER:    I  think  they  will  be  very  beneficial  to 
us, 

THE  PRESIDING  OFFICER,  SECRETARY  BAKER:   We  shall  be 


_ 
-     ..   - 


1 

- 


.    . ...  . 


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■-■•*■-■■ 

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— * 

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:      -.  .    .  ■    .  s        :  ■ 


'*•  .-■- 


t  ."•*•':::*■•.    * 


very  glad,  to  furnish  them, 

A  MEMBER;   P&rhaps,  if  the  manuscript  notes  can 
be  supplied  to  us,  we  can  correct  them, 

MR,  GIFFORD:   May  I  say  it  was  ihe  intention  of  the 
Committee  on  Arrangements  to  have  every  word  taken  down, 
and  to  that  add  the  activities  of  the  Departments  in  de- 
tail, and  send  them  as  quickly  as  possible  to  all  repre- 
sentatives here  present,   (Applause) « 

A  MEMBER:   May  I  suggest  a  question  in  the  minds  of 
many  from  the  various  States? 

THE  PRESIDING  OFFICER,  SECRETARY  BAKER:   Certainly, 

A  MEMBER:   We  are  trying  to  determine  in  Maine  Just 
what  the  proper  action  of  the  State  should  be  in  reference 
to  the  road  building  program  in  view  of  this  situation*. 
Should  it  be  confined  to  such  a  period  of  time  as  will  not 
interfere  with  planting  or  harvesting,  or  be  abandoned; 
or  what  should  be  done?   If  anyone  has  any  suggestion  on 
that,  we  should  be  glad  to  hear  about  it, 

THE  PRESIDING  OFFICER,  SECRETARY  EAKERft   I  do  not 
know  whether  a  definite  answer  can  be  given  to  .that,  but 
I  will  undertake  to  answer  it  off  hand.  In  general  terms, 
road  building  ought  to  be  discontinued  to  the  extent 
necessary  to  keep  the  laborer  employed  from  being  taken 
off  the  farm  at  indispersible  times  to  the  extend  that 
roadbuilding  in  the  State  is  going  forward,  and  when  any 
question  arises  as  to  the  paramount  importance  of  any 
particular  road  for  military  reasons,  that  question  ought 
to  be  submitted  to  the  War  Department,  and  the  question  of 
the  importance  of  the  road  determined  by  the  War  College 
or  the  Chief  of  Engineers*  There  are  roads,  undoubtedly, 
that  lead  to  coast  defenses  and  places  of  that  kind  that 
are  very  important.  And  of  course  there  are  very  important 


*  .   -   --•-■■ 


■   - 


. 


. 


• 


market  roads  and  roads  which  trill  save  the  apples  which 
usually  rot  in  the  orchards,  which  are  too  far  from  the 
cities  to  get  their  oropa  into  the  market.   Such  roads 
are  valuable  military  roads  as  well  as  valuable  market 
roads,  and  I  think  it  would  be  a  great  pity  to  abandon 
on  any  large  scale  the  road  building  program  of  the  coun- 
try; but  the  States  can  very  well,  I  «hink,  undertake 
to  prevent  a  conflict  by  simply  consulting  the  civil 
government  with  regard  to  such  questions  when  they  arise, 

A  MEMBER?    Mr,  Chairman,  may  I  inquire  when  you 
appoint  a  Colonel  to  select  the  twenty-five  men  for  the 
training  camp*  will  that  include  non-commissioned  officers? 

THE  PRESIDING  OFFICER,  SECRETARY  BAKER:    That  was 
not  determined,  but  my  judgment  would  be  to  include  non- 
commissioned officers* 

A  MEMBER t   Twenty- five? 

THE  PRESIDING  OFFICER,  SECRETARY  BAKER:   Twenty- 
five;  the  number  was  fixed  at  twenty-five  in  order  to  pre- 
vent breaking  up  the  formation  of  the  corps. 

MR6  BENNETT :   Will  that  apply  to  those  National 
Guard  regimencs  now  in  the  Federal  service? 

THE  PR3S1SXK3  OFFICER,  SECRETARY  BAKER:    It  will, 
to  all  of  them  alike, 

A  M2MBEH8   Mr,  Secretary*  when  the  questions  are 
finished,  ]  would  like  to  make  an  announcement, 

A  iGSHEEBj   An  officer  may  resign  from  a  State  posi- 
tion,  a-j  7.   under  staid  it? 

THE  PRESIDING  OFFICER  SECRETARY  BAKER:   But  none  of 
them  will  be  in  the  present  emergency.   (Laughter  and 
applause) . 

A  MEMBER:    That  will  shut  him  out  from  resigning, 
and  he  can  go  into  the  officers1  reserve  corps. 


I 


j 


i  v ;  r 


THE  PRESIDING  OFFICER,  SECRETARY  BAKER:   Every  man 
who  gets  a  commission  in  the  officers1  reserve  corps  is 
to  have,  and  has  to  have,  certain  recommendations,  and  it 
would  not  be  much  recommendation  if  he  resigned  from  the 
militia  at  this  time. 

A  MEMBER:   Is  the  work  of  enrolling  the  men  to  be 
voluntary? 

THE  PRESIDING  OFFICER,  SECRETARY  BAKERt   The  govern- 
ment is  prepared  to  pay  for  it,.  I  have  had  thirty- two 
States  indicate  that  they  intended  to  make  the  entire  busi- 
ness of  conducting  this  registration  a  patriotic,  free- 
will offering  to  the  government.   (Applause)  I  have  no 
doubt  that  will  be  largely  followed  throughout  the  coun- 
try, although  I  think  there  may  be  instances  in  which  it 
may  be  necessary  to  depart  from  it* 

A  MEMBER:   Mr.  Secretary,  the  registration  is 
voluntary,  do  I  understand? 

THE  PRESIDING  OFFICER,  SECRETARY  BAKER:   No,  the  bill 
before  Congress  requires  registration  of  everybody  within 
the  age  limits,  so  that  if  a  man  fails  to  present  himself, 
he  will  bs  subject  to  the  panalties  of  the  statute* 

A  MEMBER:   Mr*.  Secretary,  may  I  inquire  what  will  be 
the  attitude  of  the  Department  towards  the  organization 
of  home  guards,  so-called? 

THE  PRESIDING  OFFICER,  SECRETARY  BAKER:   I  am  glad 
you  brought  that  up.  The  Department,  of  course,  realizes 
the  necessity  of  forces  at  home  for  home  guard  purposes. 
This  is  an  entirely  proper  time  and  place  for  me  to  say 
that  the  behavior  of  our  people  sinoe  this  war  started  on 
our  part  has  been  splendid,  has  been  magnificent,  and  many 
people  who  imagined  that  there  would  be  difficulties  of 
one  kind  or  another,  I  am  quite  certain  must  be  happy  to 


' 


■ 


' 


• 


- 


find  how  far  their  forebodings  were  disappointed.   Un- 
doubtedly, home  guard  organizations  will  be  formed,  and 
will  be  necessary.   It  is  the  judgment  of  the  military 
authorities,  and  one  in  which  I  heartily  concur,  that 
those  forces  ought  to  be  organized,  and  for  the  most 
part  they  ought  not  to  be  armed,  unless  in  exceptional 
cases,  with  the  high  pmr&x  army  rifle,--  even  the  Craig, 
and  certainly  no  the  Springf ieli.   Those  rifles  carry  a 
tremendous  distance.   They  are  weapons  of  war,  and  not 
weapons  cf  peaceful  policing.  Recently,  a  man  who  was  ■ 
on  as  sentry,  undertook  to  shoot  at  somebody  who  would 
not  give  him  the  paewoifa,  and  killed  an  innocent  citizen 
a  half  mile  away  at  the  time  the  shot  was  fired.   Those 
weapons  are  "lethal",  --  a  new  word  we  have  learned, 
weapons  of  war,  and  it  require*  traxning  and  discipline 
and  judgment  to  manage  them  wisely;  so  that  while  the  De- 
partment is  exceedingly  anxious  to  encourage  in  every 
way  the  formation  ox  home  guard  organizations  to   that 
the  National  Guard  may  not  be  required  to  do  home  guard 
duty,  it  suggests  for  the  consideration  of  the  state 
councils  and  governors  that,  as  far  as  possible,  such 
home  guards  be  armed  with  riot  guns  or  other  unsual  po- 

lice  appliances. 

A  MEMBER-   Mr.  Secretary,  one  question  that  is  dis- 
turbxng  me  $»at  new  is  this.  *2  our  National  Guard  have 
been  called  to  the  Federal  service.   We  may  have  neces- 
sity where  in  case  of  labor  strikes,  we  have  one  on 
in  our  State  now,  where  we  would  need  a  company  or  two 
of  that  National  Guard,  What  steps  would  be  required 
for  us  to  obtain  the  National  Guard,  or  one  company  of 


it? 


THE  PRESIDING  OFFICER,  SECRETARY  BAKER 5   That  ques- 


tion  has  really  never  been  met,  so  far  as  I  know,  by 
thenar  Department.   I  have  h?d  it  presented  to  me  as 
a  hypothetical  question  a  number  of  times.   The  double 
function  of  the  National  Guard  as  a  state  constabulary 
and  a  military  force  produces  the  complication.   In  a 
case  v;here  the  Federal  Government  has  called  out  the 
entire  militia  of  the  States  and  the  Governor  of  the 
State  discovers  a  domestic  need  for  the  militia,  un- 
doubtedly the  War  Department  would  honor  his  request 
for  a  military  force,  if  necessary  to  preserve  order. 
A  MEMBER;   You  would  not  require  the  time  neces- 

iw,  +11TT,  them  back  as  National 
sary  to  demobolize  them  and  turn  tnen. 

Guards* 

She  presiding  officer?  secretary  baker:    »°  ^OT- 
Wbi&Wt;  the  ""  »****•«*  has  **  tMee  tWeS  °f 

guns:   forty-six  thousand  old  fashioned  Springf ieldfl,   a 
heavier  munition  than  the  -darn  Springfield;    the  Sprrng- 
field  rifle;   and  the  Craig;   and  the  entity  en  hand   i. 
net   in  excess   of  that  needed  to  train  the  forces.     So 
the  Department  will  net  he   ahle  to  furnish  a  .unto  the 

States. 

«.«■-.      -n  our  State   I   have   en- 
m         A  MEMBER;      I  may   3ay  this:      *n  our 

*•        «f  home  guard  companies   even 
couraged  the  organization  Ox  home  gu 

i„  their   training  along  the  line 
without  the  use   of  arms    in  their 

-r-p prt   of  the    organi- 
suggested  by  you,   feeling   that  tn- 

*„  h8ve  much  to  do  with 
zation   of  those  companies  would  have  rru 

trit   of  patriotism  m 
the  greater   development   of  the   spi 

-.-*■>  in  ir  lessen  the 
the  MMUiUl,   ar,.   in  that  nsnner   re.ll/ 

«.  -.floe  *M  the  home  guard  company, 
need  for  the  woe   o.    seriio*   - 

It  may  be   that   later   on  we   Bhall    n    •  ^wpver 

■     •«-    of   the    country,   however 
a  more    effective   way,      me   spixx 

„*      that   we  have   been 
is  such,   up  to  the   present  momenc,    that 


little  nesd  for  their  active  use, 

MR.  'McGEE,   OF  MINNESOTA:   Mr.  Secretary,  I  would 
like  to  inquire  as  to  the  policy  of  the  Department  in 
cases  where  it  was  necessary  to  arm  the  guard  where 
the  Federal  instrumentalities  are  involved,  or  where 
for  instance  in  Minnesota  range  furnishes  about  seven- 
ty per -cent  of  the  iron  ore  of  the  country,  absolutely 
essential  to  the  carrying  on  of  war  operations.   That 
range  last  year  was  under  a  reign  of  terror,  a  strike 
there  the  whole  year,  and  violations  predominated.   Now, 
it's  going  to  be  necessary  to  control  that  entire  range. 
At  Minneapolis  there  is  accumulated  food  products  worth 
today  nearly  a  hundred  million  dollars,  much  sold  for 
export  to  England  and  France.   New  we  would  like  to  know 

we  have  ordered  the  formation  of  seven  battalions 

of  guard  -'«--  where  the  weapons  are  going  to  come  from 
that  will  arm  them,  and  upon  the  range  no  toy  guns  will 
do,  if  the  flow  cf  ore  is  to  be  kept  going.   Now.  we 
are  here  to  find  out,   That's  one  of  the  purpose  of 
our  visit  here,  to  know  just  what  we  can  get.   Now,  the 
weapons  are  not  available  there.   We  w«nt  to  know  just 
what  the  policy  of  the  War  Department  is  to  be,  what 
we  can  depend  upon, 

THE  PRESIDING  OFFICER,  SECRETARY  BAKER:   Without  pass- 
ing upon  either  of  the  instances  you  have  cited,  about 
both  of  -which  I  have  some  information,  but  without  passing 
upon  any  particular  instance,  there  are  undoubtedly  sit- 
uations in  the  country  of  both  State  and  national  impor- 
tance    i  think  it  is  easy  to  concede  that  both  the 

milling  and  wheat  elevators  are  of  national  as  well  as 

State  importance  there  are  plenty  of  arms  to  arm  the 

necessary  guards  to  take  care  of  national  and  State  situ- 


at i ens  of  that  kind , 

A  MEMBER:   And  they  will  be  furnished  by  the  Fed- 
eral Government  to  the  home  guard? 

THE  PRESIDING  OFFICER,  SECRETARY  BAKER:   That  de- 
pends, so  far  es  the  law  of  the  case  is  concerned,  upon 
a  measure  now  before  Congress,  which,  if  passed,  will 
authorize  the  Secretary  of  War  to  distribute  certain 
numbers  of  the  Craig  rifles  which  hitherto  have  been 
limited  for  the  purpose  for  which  they  might  be  dis- 
tributed, and  it  is  the  intention  of  the  War  Department, 
if  that  measure  doss  pass,  to  respect  the  requisitions 
of  the  Governors  of  Stat  -s,  and  ask  the  Governors  to 
determine  the  extent  to  which  the  use  of  that  kind  of 
arms  is  needed ,    rather  than  the  little  local  communi- 
ties which  may  organize  home  defense  guards. 

A  MEMBER.   Is  it  necessary  in  order  tc  conform 
to  the  policy  of  the  Department  as  to  Federal  Law  that 
there  should  be  regulation  as  to  the  age  limit  of.  the 
men  who  may  enter  guards?  Must  they  be  over  the  limit 
available  for  military  service? 

THE  PRESIDING  OFFICiR  ,  SECRETARY  EAKER:  No,  it  is 
entirely  a  local  institution,  and  has  no  recognition  by 
Federal  statute*  It  would  seem  wise,  however,  to  have 
the  guard  organized  with  men  above  the  age  limit  of  the 
draft,  so  their  organization  will  not  be  broken  up  when 
it  becomes  necessary  for  these  men  to  respond  to  the 
selective  drafts 

A  MEMBER:   Is  it  understood  that  men  entering  the 
guard  are  exmpt  from  service? 

A  MEMBER:   The  same  men: 

THE  PRESIDING  OFFICER,  SECRETARY  BAKER:   That  has 
never  been  considered. 


MR,  MCGEE:   In  Minnesota  we  fix  a  limit. 

THE  PRESIDING  OFFICER*  SECRETARY  BAKER:   I  think 
it  would  probably  be  wise  to  change  it  again  and  fix 
it  at  the  maximum  limit  of  the  conscription  act, 

A  MEMBER:  That  can  be  done  v»-ry  easily. 

THE  PRESIDING  OFFICER,  SECRETARY  BAKER:   Now,  gen- 
tlemen, if  I  may  take  just  a  momemt,  I  am  assuming  that 
you  are  glad  to  mee€  those  that  are  most  useful  to  the 
government  here  in  Washington,  and  particularly  those 
who  lor  years  have  been  performing  services  of  the  very 
highest  value  on  a  voluntary  basis',  and  so  I  am  going 
to  take  the  pleasure  of  introducing  to  you,  just  so 
that  you  will  look  at  him,  later  you  may  hear  from 

him  — -  Mr.  Howard  E.  Coffin,  of  the  Advisory  Council 
of  Rational  Defense.   (Whereupon  Mr.  Coffin  arose,  amid 
applause)  Mr.  Coffin  was  not  here  when  I  was  talking 

before.  He  stayed  out  until  I  got  through  discussing 
the  industrial  situation,  so  as  not  to  embarrass  me  \ 
(Laughter) 

Another  gfentlemin  who  is  present,  and  who  has  been 
cooperating  with  Mr.  Coffin,  and  is  now  cooperating  with 
the  Council  of  National  Defense,  is  its  Director,  Mr, 
Gifford,  who  is  here  in  the  corner,   (Whereupon  Mr. 
Gifford  arose,  amid  applause.) 

Now,  as  a  general  proposition,  I  want  to  ask  you 
gentlemen  to  give  your  questions  to  Mr.  Gifford,  He  is 
the  center  of  activity  of  the  Council  of  National  Defense, 
and  if  there  is  any  uncertainty  of  your  part  as  to  just 
where  to  go  to  look  for  the  particular  piece  of  informa- 
tion you  desire,  if  you  will  ask  it  of  Mr.  Gifford1* 
office,  he  will  give  you  adequate  directions.   Of  course, 


._ 


, 


' 


■  :  ■■    .  ■ 


■  XI     • 


- 

->-r  -•  ■  ■' 


»*'-»■ 


- 


• 


I 


■ 


3 

.0 


•• 


all  of  the  members  of  the  governefflt  here  are  anxious  to 
place  themselves  at  your  disposal,  to  answer  any  questions 

or  give  you  any  information  they  can. 

At  two  o'clock  this  afternoon,  the  President  has  in- 
vited you  to  go  to  the  White  House,  so  that  he  may  have 
the  pleasure  of  meeting  ycu  there,   I  want  to  have  the 
opportunity  of  presenting  you  to  the  President. 

The  Secretary  cf  Commerce  suggests  that  he  does  not 

know  whether  the  meeting  will  be  at  the  White  House  proper 
or  at  the  Executive  Offices,  but  they  are  in  the  same 

grounds,  I  hope  to  find  out  in  the  meantime.   I  think 

it  wise  for  you  to  come  here  at  a  quarter  of  two*   If 
you  will  meet  in  this  room  at  that  time,  we  can  go  over 
together,  and  I  will  give  myself  the  pleasure  of  present- 
ing you-,   (Applause  } 

(Whereupon  the  morning  session  of  the  conference  was 

adjourned} « 


The  members  of  the  Conference  wore  invited  to  meet  the 
esident  at  the  '"hite  House  at  two  o'clock  on  the  afternoon 
of  May  2nd,  1917.    The  president  spoke  as  follows: 

Mr.  Secretary,  the  Secretary  of  !Var  and  Gentlemen:   It 
goes  without  eayiHg  that  I  am  very  glad  to  see  you  and  very 
glad  to  see  you  on  such  an  errand.   I  have  no  homily  to  de- 
liver to  you,  because  J  know  you  are  as  intensely  interested 
as  I  am  in  drawing  all  of  our  efforts  and  energies  together 
in  a  common  action.   My  function  has  not  of  recent  days  been 
to  jive  advice  but  to  get  thinjs  coordinated  so  that  there 
will  not  be  any,  or  at  at  any  rate  too  much,  lost  motion,, 
and  in  order  that  thinjs  should  not  be  done  twice  by  dif- 

frent  bodies  or  done  in  conflict. 
It  is  for  that  reason  that  I  particularly  welcome  a 
conference  such  as  this  y^u  are  holding  today  and  tomorrow, 
the  conference  which  will  acquaint  you  with  exactly  the  task 
as  it  is  conceived  here  in  "Washington  and  with  the  ways  in 
ich  cooperation  can  be  best  organized.   ?or,  after  all, 
c  task  is  comparatively  simple.    The  means  of  accomplish- 
g  the  task  are  very  complicated,  because  we  must  draw  many 
oces  of  machinery  tojather  and  we  must  see  that  they  act 
t  only  to  a  common  object  but  at  the  same  time  and  in  a 
mmon  spirit.  My  function,  therefore,  today  is  the  very 
easant  function  of  saying  how  much  obliged  to  you  I  am 
r  having  como  here  and  associated  yourself  with  us  in  the 
gro  it  task  of  making  good  what  the  nation  has  promised  to 
do, --go  to  the  defense  and  vindication  of  the  rights  of 
people  everywhere  to  live  as  they  have  a  right  to  live  under 
the  very  principles  of  our  nation. 

It  is  a  thing  one  does  not  dare  to  talk  about  because  a 
certain  passion  comes  into  one's  thought  and  one's  feeling  as 


one  thinks  cf  the  nature  of  the  task,  the  ideal  nature 
of  it,  of  the  opportunity  that  .America  has  now  to  show 
to  all  the  world  what  it  means  to  have  been  a  democracy 
for  one  hundred  and  forty-five  years  and  to  mean  every 
bit  of  the  creed  which  we  have  so  long  professed.  And 
in  this  thing  it  ought  to  be  easy  to  act  and  delightful 
to  cooperate. 

I  thank  you  very  much  indeed  for  your  courtesy  in 
co rain j  here. 


WEDNESDAY  AFT?P;OON  SESSION 
y  3,  1317. 

(The  Wednesday  afternoon  session  war:  convened  at 
thres  o'clock  p.m.  in  the  offices  cf  the  Council  of 
National  Defense^  L'unce.y  Building,  Washington,  D.  C. , 
with  Hon.  W,  S.  Clifford,  Director  cf  the  Council, presid- 
ing. 

THE  PRESIDING  OFFICER,  !"R.  GIFFOEE:   Gentlemen,  the 
pioture  men  are  after  us  again.   Tl     'omise  us  it  wil 
not  take  a  moment.   Cent lemon,  I  would  like  to  have  Mr. 
Porter,  who  is  in  charge  of  this  work  for  the  Council 
of  national  Defense  take  a  moment  for  the  statement  he 
wishes  to  make  about  the  wort  we  are  planning  to  do  here. 

kl\  SEORGE  F.  PORTER,  OF  THE  COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL 
DEFENSE:   Gentlsmen,  I  want  to  make  simply  the  briefest 
statement  to  reiter  s  said  this  morning;  that 

is,  the  committee  has  prepared,  and  there  is  now  be  ing 
distributed,  information  about  the  activities  of  the 
various  departments  in  connection  with  the  war.   Of 
course,  we  could  gc  into  more  detail  in  the  pamphlet 
than  could  be  gone  into  in  the  speeches.   In  addition 
to  that  we  are  having  every  word  of  these  conferences 
taken  down  by  a  court  stenographer,  and  that  will  be 
published  and  sent  to  all  the  representatives  just  as 
quickly  as  possible  after  these  meetings.   I  think  one 
of  the  matters  of  greatest  value  for  these  meetings  is 
the  getting  in  personal  touch  with  one  another.   I  knew 
that's  true  with  myself,  and  I  am  extremely  anxious  to 
meet  and  have  the  personal  touch  with  the  representa- 
tives of  all  the  States,  and  I  think  it  is  extremely 
valuable  for  the  -afferent  state  representatives,  end 


^-  // 


th<  t      h    1         ch   man,   when  he   rises 

to   speak,    give  h -'  and  the   stats,    and  furthermore 

that   each  en  :end   to  his   lapel  his   cerd   or  hie  name 

v;ritten  out    in   301       "..  \.y,    so   that  we   oan  have   some    direct 
communication  or   seme  direct  way  of   knowing  who  each 
man   is,    and  the   State  frcrr.  Which  he   coir.es* 

THS    .        SIDING   OFFICER,    "P.    GIFFORD:      Gentlemen, 
this    is   a  business  ing,    end  we  was-te   no   time.      I 

want  to   introduce   to  you  the  Secrstary  of  Labor,   who 
will   talk  to  us   on  the  Labor  Department    and  what  the 
state  can  do   to  aorist   the   Labor  Department.      Gentle- 
men,   the  S3e.retr.r3/  of   Labor.      (Applause) 

■    ADDRESS  BY  RON.    T.    B.    WILSON 

zhetary  of  labor. 

Mr.  Chairman;  Your  Excellencies,  Gentlemen:   Ours 
is  a  peculiar  fori:,  cf   :      ent  in  which  there  is  a 
distinctive  dual  authority.   '     the  government  was 
formed  each  of  the  thirteen  colonies  felt  that  they  were 
separate,  independent,  end  sovereign  states,  end  that 
they  were  form  in-  \        ■::        1  government  for  the  one  great 
reason  that  a  concert  of  action  was  necessary  for  the 
common  defense.   Only  such  thine;-  '''or-,   conceded  to  the 
general  goverr     as  were  deemed  to  be  necessary  for 
the  promotion  cr   the  genera]  welfare,  and  for  the  main- 
tenance of  0.  general  defense.  Nearly  all  of  the  police 
powers  were  specifically  reserved  to  the  States.   In 
the  exercise  cf  those  police  powers,  the  various  states 
have  established  certain  standards  relative  to  labor. 
They  have  established  a  maximum  number  cf  "-ours  of 
labor  for  x;cri\en.      They  have  established  a  legal  number 
of  cf  hours  as  constituting  the  day's  work  for  men. 
An;  t]    3  •         thed  the  minimum  age  at  which 
children  .-.ay  be  employed  in  gainful  occupation.   They 


have  est  da  of  .sanitation,  and  safety, 

end  have  created  police  authorities  in  the  fcrir.  of 
factory  ii       n  and  mine  inspection,  and  eo  on,  to 
enforce  the  standards  they  have  established. 

When  our  country  faced  the  great  emergency  that 
is  now  confronting  it.  a  large  amount  of  history  ira- 
mediately  developed  concerning  the-  necessity  of  the  re- 
moval of  all  of  those  standards  established  by  the  re- 
spective states;  in  erne  instances  by  mutual 
agreements  between  3mpioyer  end  employe?;;  in  other  in- 
stances by  cu.  bom,  in  order  that  we  might  reach  a  high- 
er standard  of  efficiency  in  production.   The  matter 
was  brought  to  the  attention  of  the  Council  of  National 
Defense,  and  its  judgment  was  that  it  would  be  can  un- 
wise  thing  to  undertake  to  change  any  of  the  standards 
that  have  been  established  until  the  time  had  arrived 
when  the  national  safety. and  the  national  defense  re- 
quired that  the  standards  should  be  changed.   It  felt 
further  that  it  would  not  be  advisable  for  any  one  of 
the  states  to  undertake  to  deterr.in:--  when  that  period 
had  arrived. 

There  are  many  reasons.   One  cr  two  I  think  will 
be  sufficient, 

First,  the  only  reason  that  can  be  assigned  for  th 
changing  of  the  standards  is  that  the  cor.rr.cn  defense 
requires  a  change.   If  that  be  true,  then  the  responsi- 
bility and  th3  authority  of  determining  when  that  chang 
should  take  place  should  rest  with  those  who  are  entrust 
ed  with  the  handling  of  the  national  defense. 

In  the  second  place,  if  any  one  of  the  states  under 
takes  to  change  those  standards,  particularly  undertakes 
to  lower  the  standards  that  have  been  established,  while 


e 


e 


.-/ 


the  other  Btatea  1  "  -  no  action  in  that  iireotion, 
tamediately  there  will  be  an  iudxistri?]  upheaval  in 
the  ststes  that  undertake  tc  lower  v;c  at~nd3    while 
the  other  states  ara'  inactive.  ■  For  those  two  reasons 
we  have  felt  that  the  question  of  determining  when  any 
change  should  t     :   -  ir.  existing-  standrrds  should 
be  placed  in  the  hands  of  the  Council  cv  National  De- 
fense which  is  dealing  with  t."  tter  from  the 
standpoint  cf  the  entire  country. 

Ih  ■  ier  standards,  --     in  par- 

ticular —  that  ~   '..         'er  to  Tor  a  moment,  ?.ni 
that  is  the 'standard  of  living.   Th  le  s,  time 

when  it  will 'be  absolutely  neoessary  to  advise  a  re- 
duction and  lowering  in  the  standard  of  living  in  the 
interest  of  the  common   ]  are,   Thar,  time  has  not  yet 
arrived. 

Thr;  standard  of  living  is  an  3         thing.   It 
is  difficult  to  di  t  —.   :n  i  joist  what  it  is,  out  never- 
theless it  car-net  remain  uniform;   it  cannot  continue 
to  exist  as  it  isj  unless  the  purchasing  never  of  the 
wages  received  >      workers  c:  :  a     t     the  same. 
li  ths  ccst  cf  living  inore.  ses  without  a  corresponding 
increase  in  the  wage  rate,  it  ;     \     lo™  jring  in  th?1 
standard,  of  living.   If  ths  cost  cf  livj     creases  with- 
out a  corresponding  decrease  in  rh<  wage  iJ:  meane  an 
increase  in  tb.2  standard  of  liiring,  and  yet  it  is  diffi- 
cult to  determine  ;'ust  what  the  wage  will  be  from 
tims  to  time  that  is  necessary  to  maintain  "'~he  stand- 
ard of  living.   There  will  naturally  be  disputes  as 
between  employers  :nd  employees  on  that  particular 
question.   Our  viewpoint  is  that  en  these  clear-cut, 

Il-recognised  standards,  there  should  be  no  dispute 
between  employer  end  employee,  that  there  should  be  no 


attempt  oe  the  part  of   sitter  employer  or  employee  to 
take  advi     i  of  tv.  :■  count*,y,B  necessities  and  force 
any  change  in  those  standards;  and  we  feel  the  same  way 
with  regard  to  the  standard  of  living:  "but  as  I  said  it 
is  more  difficult  tc  determine;  it  is  net  as  clean- 
cut.   -rr:  feel,  however,  thai-  sv?n  in  that  respect  that 
neither  laborer  ucj  employee  should  permit  a  stoppage 
of  work  to  as  a  result  of  h  dispute  about 

wages  or  any  other  thing  for  that  pari;  of  the  matter  un- 
til the  established  agencies  of  the  gc%rnment,  state 
and  national ,    h     '  an  opportunity  to  use  their  good 

officer,  to  bi     I  out  an  adjustment  of  the  difficulty* 
(Applause) 

There  is  one  ether  phase  of  that  subject  matter 
that  I  would  like  tc  touch  on  .just  for  a  moment,  and 
that  is  a  phase  that  is  a  burning  question  with  the 
trade  unionist.   Dhd3i  normal  conditions  the  trade 
unionist  believes  in  collective  bargaining.   He  believes 
that  his  trade  union  should  te  recognized  for  the  pur- 
pose of  conducting  sell  eoti-a,  bargaining  and  in  many 
instances  they  have  been  recognized,  but  this  ic  no  time 
to  take  advantage  of  emergencies  to  force  recognition 
cf  the  union.   (Applause) 

I  do  not  believe  tfc  i  has  any  right 

tc  interfsre  with  capital  in  organizing  into  corpora- 
tions.  I  do  not     3ve  that  aa        list  has  any 
right  to  interfere  with  working  men  in  organizing  intc 
unions.   If  workmen  are  free,  as  capital  is  free  to 
organize,  and  their  standards  cf  living  are  maintained, 
then  it  would  seem  to  be  the  heights  of  disloyalty 
to  stop  the  wheels  of  industry  in  this  critical  period, 
sclely  fcr  the  purpose  cf  forcing  a  recognition  of  the 
union.   And  that  is  one  of  the  thinss  that  must  be  im- 


pressed  upon  employer  and  employee  alike.   That  is  "the 
heights  of  disloyalty  to  force  or  bring  about  a  stopp- 
age cf  our  indue  tries  in  order  tc  force  the  establish- 
ment of  standards  that  they  have  not  been  able  tc  force 
during  normal  conditions . 

One  cf  our  great  problems  trill  be  the  problem  of 
the  mobility  of  labor.   The  securing  of  the  necessary 
help  to  perform  the  different  kinds  of  work  that  will 
be  required  at  the  time  when  it  is  required.   For  the 
moment  the  moat  intense  thing  is  an  assurance  that  when 
the  harvest  time  comes,  there  will  be  a  sufficient  amount 
of  labor  available  to  garner  every  particle  of  food 
that  has  been  raised.   (Applause) 

There  is  some  immediate  need  for  farm  labor,  but 
our  farmers  can  prepare  very  much  more  land,  and  can 
take  care  of  it  during  the  growing  period  than  is  now 
under  cultivation.   The  great  time  in  agriculture  is 
our  great  harvest  period,  particularly  our  grain  period. 
Many  of  the  other  crops  can  be  harvested  more  leisure- 
ly, but  our  grain  crops  must  be  harvested  only  when 
the  grain  is  ripe  and  ready  for  the  sickle,  else  it 
cannot  be  harvested  successfully  at  all.   There  has  been 
considerable  history  in  that  direction;  also  we  have 
had  a  great  many  suggestions  about  organizing  indus- 
trial armies,  enlisting  men  who  are  net  available  for 
military  service  and  making  them  subject  to  direction 
and  organizing  them  into  camps  tc  be  parcelled  out  here 
and  there  or  the  ether  place,  wherever  for  the  time 
being  they  may  happen  to  be  needed. 

Let  me  say  tc  you  at  this  time,  as  one  who  is  fa- 
miliar with  the  psychology  cf  the  working  man's  mind, 
that  you  might  just  as  Well  get  it  out  of  your  heads 


.- 


- 


now  as  later  that  ycu  c&nnot  enlist  working  men  to  be 
employed  under  anybodv?s  direction  in  private  service 
for  private  profit.   The  American  working  man  is  not 
built  that  way.   You  can  enlist  him,  nay,  ycu  can  con- 
script him  if  you  will  in  the  national  defense.   He  will 
sacrifice  his  life  for  the  maintenance,  of  democratic 
institutions,  but  when  he  la,bora  for  any  man  who  is 
engaged  in  any  kind  ox  an  enterprise  for  profit,  he 
wants  to  feel  at  liberty  to  work,  or  not  to  work,  for 
that  indiyidual  lust  as  his  impulse  and  his  interests 
determine. 

Then,  the  question  arises:   How  are  you  going  to 
meet  the  emergency,  if  ycu  cannot  enlist  men  and  direct 
them  to  go  here  and  there  and  elsewhere?  How  will  you 
meet  the  emergency  that  is  confronting  you?  And  that 
is  a  great  question  for  us  to  consider.   There  are  two 
ways,  if  you  conscript  the  farms,  and  if  you  conscript 
the  industries  and  operate  them  by  the  Government,  then 
you  would  be  perfectly  justified  for  the  national  de- 
fense in  conscripting  the  labor  to  operate  those  fact- 
ories and  the  farms.   Eut  we  have  nox  reached  the  stage 
where  we  are  willing  to  undertake  the  conscription  of 
land  and  factories  to  be  operated  by  the  Government, 
and  we  must  deal  with  the  problem  from  an  entirely 
different  standpoint,  and  that  standpoint  must  be  the 
standpoint  of  getting  the  necessary  voluntary  labor  to 
do  the  work  that  is  so  much  needed  on  the  farm,  and 
possibly  later  on  so  much  needed  elsewhere  on  the 
farm.   It  is  mere  pressing  because  the  farm  is  season- 
al.  Unless  you  prepare  your  land  at  a  given  period, 
you  cannot  scatter  your  seed  so  that  it  will  grow  suc- 
cessfully.  Unless  you  reap  at  a  given  period,  you  can- 
not reap  at  all.  .  Sp  agriculture  is  seasonal ,   Ycu  must 


have  your  people  qrt  the  particul     :icd  or  they  are 
valueless.   With         Lus  tries  it  is  different;   you 
nay  work  at  the-a  at  different  pe-icds  of  the  year. 

The  thoughts  that  core  to  r.e  ill  chat  direction  are 
net  numerous,  but  I  think  at  least  hexpful.   As  in  all 
of  our  industries  there  is  more  or  le-i:  broken  time. 
Men  are  idle  one  cr  twe  days,  one  or  two  .'week's,  for  that 
part  of  the  matter,  evon  where  trey  arc  supposed  to  have 
permanent  places.   I  believe  that  the  Dtates  and  the 
Federal  Government  can  co-operate  in  getting  the  work- 
ers in  the  industries  in  the  attitude  of  mind  of  utilis- 
ing their  broken  time  in  going  out  to  assist  the  farmers 
in  the  preparation  of  their  crops,  and  with  that  class 
of  individuals  the  question  of  wages  is  not  an  import- 
ant gaotor.   To  the  man  who  is  following  agricultural 
labor  as  a  means  of  livelihood,  Jd.e  question  of  wages 
is  an  important  factor.   To  the  men  who  is  going  out 
only  for  a  day  or  two,  cr  for  a  week  or  two,  to  help 
out  in  the  preparation  of  thewland  or  in  the  reaping 
of  the  crops,  the  question  of  wages  is  secondary.   That 
view  then  may  be  utilized  to  some     int. 

There  is     ys  ir  the  most  prosperous  times  in 
our  towns  and  cities  a  number  of  men  whe  ore  idle,  who 
are  without  jebs  of  any  kind  whatsoever.   It  is  possible 
that  through  cooperation  of  the  States  and  the  Federal 
Government  many  of  those  may  b3  utilised  for  the  prepara- 
tion of  the  lands  for  seeding  purposes.   We  have  large 
numbers  of  boys  between  the  military  age  and  the  mini- 
mum age  limit  at  which  they  can  he  placed  at  gainful 
occupations  who  have  not  as  yet  been  placed  in  any  kind 
of  industry.   It  is  possible  for  us  to  organize  those 
boys,  to  utilize  them  in  groups,. so  that  they  will  work 


to  the  best  advantage,  because  the  bey  nature  loves  the 
group  assisting  in  our  farm  work  by  that  process. 

Then,  when  it  comes  to  the  great  peak  of  the  road 
where  these  harvests  are  to  be  taken  not  in  a  short 
period  of  time,  if  we  begin  our  preparations  now,  I 
have  not  a  particle  of  doubt  but  that  we  can  work  out 
a  policy  by  which  there  rill  be  ample  labor  to  take 
care  of  all  of  the  crops  that  may  have  to  be  reaped. 

Let  me  tell  you  of  a  little  experience  I  had  a 
great  many  years  ago.  ,   In  1S6'5,  I  think  it  was,  I 
was  working  in  the  iron  ore  mines  at  Clinton,  in  the 
Mohawk  Valley,  in  the  State  of  New  York.   At  that  time 
the  Mohawk  Valley  was  the  center  of  the  hop  growing 
industry  of  the  United  States.   When  the  hop  picking 
season  came,  to  my  surprise,  all  of  the  little  local 
industries  in  the  neighborhood  shut  aown.   The  mines 
were  closed,  the  furnaces  were  shut  down,  the  little 
factories  and  shops  were  closed,  and  the  men,  the  women, 
and  the  children  went  out  into  the  hop  fields  and  made 
a  holiday  out  of  picking  the  hops.   They  cared  nothing 
about  the  wages.   It  was  an  out  ing  for  them.   It  was 
a  change;  it  was  a  rest.   It  was  their  great  annual 
holiday,  and  they  gathered  the  hops.   The  employers  in 
the  industries  throughout  the  valley  male  their  prepara- 
tions in  advance,  so  that  their  repairs  and  replace- 
ments could  be  made  at  that  particular  time.   They  re- 
tained only  the  necessary  workers  for  that  purpose,  and 
the  others  assisted  in  the  harvest. 

Since  we  have  been  facing  this  problem,  that  old 
experience  has  come  back  to  me,  and  I  feel  that  we  can 
work  it  out  on  a  nation-wide  basis,  and  by  cooperation 
with  the  States  we  can  get  the  employers  into  the  frame 


of  mind  of  making  their  preparations  for  their  annual: 
repairs  and  repli     i  te  at  harvest  tine,  and  get  the 
workers  into  the  frar.e  of  Kind  of  maKing  a  holiday 
out  of  gam      the  srops.   (Applause) 

These  are  acme  of  the  ways  in.  which }    in  my  judg- 
ment, the  States  and  the  Federal  Government  can  co- 
operate, and  in  that  cooperation  I  want  bo  reiterate 
that  it  should  be  borne  in. mind  that  the  only  reason 
we  have  any  emergence  ia  that  "he  Federal  Government  has 
exercised  the  •ear  power  that  has  been  placed  in  its 
hands,  and  consequently,  it  is  a  question  net  cf  what 
meets  the  immediate  reeds  of  the  locality  or  of  the 
State,  but  what  meetc.  the  neecls  of  ovr  entire  country. 
I  thank  you.   (Applause) 

MR.  CHARLES  MCCARTHY,  of  MADISON, WISCONSIN:   Mr. 
Chairman,  may  1  ash  questions  at  this  period  in  order 
to  straighten  thi3  thing  out?  Has  the  National  Council 
of  Defense  passed  or.  the  question  of  enlistment  cf  men 
for  an  industrial  army? 

SECRETARY  WILSON:   Mr.  Chairman  and  Mr.  McCarthy, 
the  Council  of  haticnal  Defanse  has  net  pa.ssad.  on  the 
question  cf  an  enlistment  of  an  industrial  army.   It 
he.s  passed  upon  the  question  of  the  maintenance  of 
standards,  but  has  not  passed  On  the  question  cf  an 
enlistment  of  an  industrial  army  or  an  army  for  in- 
dustrial purposes. 

MR.  MCCARTHY:   Would  there  be  any  conflict  with 
the  national  plans,  if  one  State  were  to  establish  an 
industrial  rela-tion.   That  is,  say  to  volunteers  who 
may  come  in  "you  are  hereby  enlisted,  and  we  may  send 
you  into  tha  potato  fields  or  into  the  corn  fields." 

SECRETARY  WILSON:   I  am  afraid  that  unless  you  get 
an  amendment  to  the  Constitution,  the  Federal  Con- 


stitution  I  have  reference  to,  that  you  couldn't 

do  that.   There  is  only  ore  part  of  the  Constitution 
under  which  it  can  be  ion©,  and  that  is  under  the  mili- 
tary power  of  the  Government  and  involuntary  servitude, 
except  as  a  punishment  for  crime,  is  prohibited  by  the 
Constitution  itself.   And  no  man  hap  the  power  to  sign 
away  his  own  liberty.   Now,  I  am  not  a  constitutional 
lawyer..   I  may  be  wrong  in  my  conception  of  it,   I  am 
hot  a  lawyer  at  all  for  that  part  of  the  matter.   But 
my  judgment  is  that  no  State,  except  by  virtue  of  the 
war  authority  ef  the  Federal  Government,  could  create 
a  militia  for  industrial  purposes. 

MR.  SAMUEL  IUSULL,  OF  ILLINOIS:   But  supposing,  Mr. 
Secretary,  that  a  man  should  volunteer  for  that  class 
of  the  service,  and  should  place  himself,  he  e.nd  his 
friends,  should  place  themselves  at  toe  disposal  of  the 
State  for  just  such  purposes. 

SECRETARY  WILSON:   I  would  have  no  obj set  ions  to 
that  being  dor  s . 

ME.  INSULL:   V.no  would  say  him  nay?  Who  would 
step* in  and  claim  that  he  had  no  authority  to  sign  away 
his  service  voluntarily  for  the  benefit  of  the  State 
under  such  a  crisis  as  v;e  have  at  this  time? 

SECRETARY  WILSON;   I  have  no  objections,  and  I 
can  see  no  objections,  Mr.  Chairman,  to  the  enroll- 
ment of  anyone  for  any  class  of  industrial  service  that 
he  wants  to  enroll  for;  and  I  can  see  no  objections 
for  his  continuing  to  perform'  the  work  for  which  he  is 
enrolled;  nor  can  I  see  any  Objections  whatever,  either 
legal  or  moral,  against  the  enrollment,  of  workers  for 
that  purpose.   What  I  am  objecting  to  is  an  enlistment, 
not  an  enrollment.   Under  an  enrollment  a  men  performs 


labor  as  a  result  of  that  enrollment;  but  he  is  at  liberty 
to  cease  the  performrr.ee  of  that  labor  whenever  in  his 
judgment  the  conditions  are  not  satisfactory  to  him. 

Under  an  enlistment  it  is  entirely  different,  and  I 
want  to  male  that  distinction  very  clear,  if  I  can. 

MR.  EQWOOD  C.  PEPISKO,  OF   SOUTH  DAKOTA:   Mr.  Chair- 
man, just  one  question:   Let  that  be  done  as  the  Secre- 
tary has  stated,  but  would  the  Government  give  this  man 
who  enrolls  for  farm  work  any  recognition,  so  that  the 
people  in  his  community  might  net  consider  him  a  "slack- 
er," but  that  he  is  really  serving  the  nation  as  a  labor- 
er in  that  field. 

SECRETARY  WILSON:   I  am  not  prepared  to  discuss 
that  phase  of  it,  because  I  think  it  properly  telongs 
with  the  War  Department,  and  cannot  be  fully  determined 
until  the  measure  now  pending  in  Congress  has  been  dis- 
posed of.       m  [judgment  is  this,  that  of  all  those 
who  are  taken  into  service  who  are  rejected  f^om  mili- 
tary service  for  any  reascn,  either  because  of  physical 
defects,  cr  because  they  have  made  a  place  for  them- 
selves in  industry  that  can  not  be  filled  by  scirebody 
else,  some  distinctive  badge  ought  to  be  given  to  that 
man  to  shew  that  he  was  at  least  willing  to  follow  the 
conscription. 

MR.  RUTLEDC-E  SMITH,  OF  TENNESSEE;   Mr,  Secretary, 
it  is  o-ur  observation  in  Tennessee  that  all  that  is 
necessary  at  the  present  time  is  for  anyone  to  signify 
that  he  wishes  work,  and  it  is  furnished  at  remunerative 
prices.   There  could  net  be  any  volunteer  system  de- 
vised that  would  reach  the  matter  quicker  than  the  labor- 
er himself  simply  to  signify  that  he  wished  labor. 
There  is  plenty  of  labor  in  this  country  for  everyone 


j 
as  quickly  rr.  he  signifies  hie  intentions  of  doing  it, 

SECRETARY  WILSOlv":   Mr.  Chairman,  that  undoubtedly 
is  true,  although  this  also  is  true,  that  as  between 
the  ending  of  one  piece  of  work  and  the  securing  of 
another  there  is  invariably,  or  almost  invariably 
broken  time.   The  fact  that  we  haye  net  established 
machinery  that  provides  a  clearing  house  mades  a  condi- 
tion where,  even  in  ycur  villages,  let  alone  your  cities, 
the  man  around  the  corner  may  need  a  carpenter,  and  the 
carpenter  around  the  other  corner  may  need  work,  and 
neither  of  their,  knows  of  the  needs  of  the  other  until 
by  accident  the  needs  of  both  are  brought  together, 
What  you  need  to  overcome  that  is  seme  kind  of  a  system 
of  clearing  houses  that  will  give  you  the  information, 

give  to  the  worker  the  information  of  where  he  can  ob- 

(work  and  to  the  employer;  the  information  where  he  can  obtain 
tain/the  necessary  kind  of  workers  that  he  wants,  that 

there  is  mere  than  that  needed.   As  I  have  said,  there 

is  considerable  broken  time  between  the  finding  of  places, 

the  ending  of  one  job  and  the  securing  of  another,  and 

in  the  course  of  the  same  job. 

The  city  has  never  for  a  moment  stopped  to  think 
of  the  grea.t  amount  eff  farm  work  that  could  be  _done  if 
every  one  of  those  wifch'the  broken  time,  utilized  that 
broken  time  in  the  performance  of  farm  labor >   The 
thought  has  not  been  pressed  home  to  them  of  the  need 
of  it,  and  one  of  the  things  that  had  to  be  done  in 
order  to  secure  the  use  of  this  broken  time  is  to  press 
it  home  to  the  minds  of  the  workers  that  that  broken 
time  is  essential  for  the  food  supply  of  the  nation. 

MR.  MCCARTHY:   What  is  being  done  by  your  Depart- 
ment, Mr.  Secretary,  to  take  care  of  that  situation 
now?   We  have  in  our  State  hundreds  of  applications  from 
farmer^  for  a  farm  laborer.   We  cannot  fill  them. 
What's  being  dene?   What  is  s;cina:  to  be  done? 


SECRETARY  WILSOIT:   I  wish  I  could  tell  you  what  is 
going  to  be  done  in  that  natter.   I  would  be  the  most 
enlightened  man  in  this  group  if  I  could  tell  you  what 
is  going  to  be  done.   But  I  cannot  tell  you  what  is 
going  to  be  done.   i  air.  simply  thinking  out  loud,  as  I 
hope  you  gentlemen  will  think  out  loud,  in  the  hope 
that  we  may  develop  something  that  can  be  done,  and 
done  successfully. 

Just  one  word  more  in  answer  to  Mr,  McCarthy,  if 
you  will  pardon  me:   The  Department  of  Labor  has  been 

doing  some  placement  work,  not  a  great  deal.   The 

psychology  of  its  placement  work  is  wrong.   We  have  a 
little  division  in  the  Bureau  of  Immigration  known  as 
the  Division  of  Information.   It  is  authorized  to 
gather  information  relative  to  opportunities  for  aliens, 
and  they  make  that  information  available  to  aliens  and 
others.   The  natural  inference  throughout  the  country 
has  been  in  developing  the  employment  service  under 
that  Bureau  that  it  is  dealing  only  with  aliens,  and 
yet,  as  I  have  said,  we  have  been  doing  sore  oftthat 
kind  of  work  in  cooperation  with  the  States,  as  far  as 
we  possibly  could,  and  as  far  as  we  had  the  appropria- 
tion to  cooperate  with  their.,  and  in  conjunction  with 
the  States  we  have  been  placing  during  the  part  five 
or  six  months  in  the  neighborhood  of  twenty  thousand 
laborers,  some  of  them  on  the  farms,  some  of  them  in 

the  industries,  twenty  thousand  laborers  a  month 

during  the  great  wheat  harvest  during  the  past  three 
years  in  cooperation  with  the  State  officials  in  Missouri, 
Kansas,  Oklahoma,  and  the  States  further  north.   We  have 
succeeded  in  gathering  up  the  floating  labor  which  was 
greater  in  those  years  than  it  will  be  this  year,  froi 


the  surrounding  states  arid  taking  there  into  the  harvest 
fields,  so  as  to  gamer  the  wheat  harvest. 

How,  those  are  some  of  the  things  that  we  have 
been  doing,  but  we  recognize  further  that  the  machinery 
in  the  respective  States  is  not  perfect,  and  that  be- 
cause of  the  imperfect  machinery  on  the  part  of  the 
Federal  Government,  and  on  the  part  of  the  State  govern- 
ments, there  cannot  be  that  complete  cooperation  which 
is  essential  to  success. 

MR.  C.  W,    EAR3ER,  of  TRENTON,  NEW  JERSEY:   In  New 
Jersey  thare  is  a  Commissioner  of  Labor,  who,  I  under- 
stand, has  worked  closely  with  Mr.  Secretary  Wilson, 
and  I  was  informed  just  as  I  was  leaving,  that,  acting 
as  a  go-between  between  men  and  work,  the  Commissioner 
of  Labor  in  New  Jersey  has  within  the  last  three  weeks 
found  over  forty-five  hundred  men  who  have  been  willing 
and  even  keen  to  work  in  agricultural  work,  being  will- 
ingly loaned  by  employers  in  manufacturing  industries, 
and  that  between  now  and  the  harvest  time,  including 
that  time,  there  has  been  secured  obligations  for  ser- 
vices freely  given  of  approximately  twenty-five  thous- 
and, such  persons.   That  was  accomplished  through  broad- 
cast placarding  of  trees  and  signboards  of  a  plain  state- 
ment of  facts,  in  order  that  the  people  might  know  the 
situation  end  the  results  secured.   This  seems  to  be  the 
answer. 

GOVERNOR  HARRIS,  OF  GEORGIA:   Mr.  Chairman,  I  want- 
ed to  ask  the  Secretary  a  question,  and  I  am  impelled 
to  do  so  by  the  answer  which  the  Commissioner  of  Agri- 
culture made  to  the  Senate  on  the  26th.  He  stated  that  • 
some  arrangement  would  possibly,  or  you  seek  to  do  that, 
to  furnish  labor  at  certain  times  of  the  year,  and  es- 


pecially  those  times  when  it  is  most  needed  in  farming 
communities.   Now,  we  had  a  gree.t  gathering  in  Georgia,  — 
some  fifteen  hundred  people  from  all  counties  in  Georgia, 

and  leading  people,  and  I  told  them  at  that  time,  

I  read  the  Secretary's  statement,  and  told  them  that  I 
thought  seme  arrangement  might  be  made  by  which  we  could 
get  some  labor  at  the  harvest  time.   We  are  the  cotton 
country,  you  knew,  down  there,  a  cotton  State  al- 
most entirely.   That  is  our  basis  of  credit,  but  our 
people  are  now  plowing  up  their  cotton  and  planting 
grain.   If  we  could  get  the  assurance  that  we  would 

have  some  labor  accessible,  our  labor  is  almost  all 

colored,  and  it  is  gc ing  to  the  north  nearly  every  day, 

it  is  leaving  us,  we  would  feel  more  secured. 

We  do  all  that  we  can,  of  course,  to  keep  cur  colored 
labor,  but  of  course  I  suppose  that  is  known  to  you. 
We  cannot  keep  it  frcm  moving  about.   So,  if  we  could 
get  some  assurance  frcm  the  Department ,    or  putting  our 
own  work  in  cooperation  with  yours,  if  we  could  bring 
about  a  situation  that  would  enable  our  farmers  to  reach 
the  conclusion  that  v.   would  have  help,  we  could  plan 
a  crop  almost  double  for  the  next  yee.r,  and  we  can  make 
Georgia  the  granary  of  the  South,  if  we  could  get  that 
assurance. 

The  ether  point  I  was  going  to  mention  concerns 
the  market,  but  that  belongs  properly  to  the  Commission- 
er of  Agriculture. 

Mr,  Secretary,  in  that  connection,  of  course,  we 
have  had  our  attention  called  to  the  flow  of  colored 
labor  from  the  South  to  the  North.   For  nearly  a  year 
we  have  been  watching  the  movement.   We  have  endeavor- 
ed to  get  in  touch  with  these  people  of  the  South  that 


we  believe  understood  the  negro  problem  and  the  negro 
character,  with  the  view  of  solving  that  problem  if  we 
possibly  could,  and  the  only  assurance  that  I  can  give 
you  now  is  that  we  hope  to  carry  out  on  a  nation-wide 
scale  the  thought  I  mentioned  some  time  ago.   We  hope 
to  select  representatives  of  the  Department  of  Labor,, 
who  will  go  into  the  different  sections,  and  in  coopera- 
tion with  the  State  authorities  endeavor  to  arrange  in 
the  industrial  communities  for  the  necessary  relations 
that  will  enable  the  people  from  the  industrial  centers 
to  go  out  and  help  in  the  hafvest.   The  question  then 
will  be  a  question  of  local  transportation,  which  I  think 
we  can  also  solve  when  the  time  comes.   I  think  there 
will  be  a  sufficient  number  of  patriotic  people  through- 
out the  country  who  Will  put  their  conveyances  of  one 
kind  or  another  at  the  disposal  of  the  State  and  the 
Federal  Government,  so  that  we  can  handle  the  local 
mobilizing  or  transportation  question.   That's  the  only 
way  in  which  I  feel  that  we  can  give  any  definite  as- 
surance at  this  time. 

May  I  not  though,  in  connection  with  the  suggestion 
concerning  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  just  state 
what  the  understanding  and  arrangement  is  between  the 
Department  of  Agriculture  and  the  Department  of  Labor, 
so  far  as  agricultural  labor  is  concerned  -  what  kind 
of  labor  ie  engaged  at  the  present  time  in  agricultur- 
al pursuits?   It  is  not  the  intent  or  purpose  of  the 
Department  of  Labor  in  any  manner  to  interfere  with  its 
placement  or  interfere  with  its  movement  from  one  place 
to  another.   That  will  be  undertaken  by  the  Department 
of  Agriculture  in  cooperation  with  the  State  agricul- 
tural authorities.   'iVhat  we  hope  to  do  is  to  deal  with 


the  problem  of  the  labor  in  the  towns  and  cities  that 
may  be  utilized  for  the  purpose  of  supplementing  the 
regular  agricultural  labor,  and  to  deal  with  that  labor 
in  cooperation  with  the  States,  to  move  it  to  those 
points  where  the  Department  of  Agriculture  finds  that 
it  is  most  needed.   Now,  that's  the  arrangement  that 
we  have  with  the  Department  of   Agriculture, 

MR.  MARTIN  J.  OILLEN,  OF  WISCONSIN:   Mr.  Secretary, 
do.es  not  the  suggestion  come  as  a  practical  considera- 
tion along  these  lines,  we  have  now  about  thirty 

days  more  for  planting.   We  only  have  the  State  and 
Federal  machinery  working  along  the  lines  that  are  now 
established  for  the  next  thirty  days,  and  the  publicity 
campaign  that  has  been  ma.de  across  this  country,  and 
nothing  we  can  do  here  today  can  solve  in  any  way, 
shape  or  manner,  except  by  more  publicity,  the  plant- 
ing of  the  crops.   In  other  words,  we  must  recognize 
here  today  that  cur  machinery  is  inadequate  to  get  im- 
mediate action  on  planting.   Therefore,  the  next  ques- 
tion, the  real  question  for  us,  as  it  seems  to  me,  is 
the  question  of  getting  our  crops  in  next  fall,  and  then 
preparing  for  the  planting  in  the  following  spring  and 
beyond,  as  suggested  by  the  Secretary  of  War.   Nov;,  if 
that  be  true,  then  the  big  practical  problem  for  us  to 
consider  is  the  gathering  of  the  crops  in  the  Fall, 

Nov/,  the  men  who  are  in  the  big  manufacturing  busi- 
ness of  the  Mississippi  Valley,  and  I  think  it  happens 
in  a  large  way  in  all  the  manufacturing  centers  in  the 
United  States,  knew  that  a  great  many  of  their  uses, 
which  are  for  the  domestic  needs  of  this  country  contain- 
ing some  hundreds  of  millions  of  people,  are  started  late 
in  the  Faiij  COKe  5.0wn  through  the  Sprir.     id  into  the 
summer,  when  you  have  a  let  down.- 


■  ■  ■ .' 


Fowj  it  seems  to  me  that  you  cannot  get  at  this  through 
the  present  Federal  organisation.  Ycu  have  got  to  go 
to  the  State  organisation.    (Applause)   And  that  means 
this:   that  the  very  purpose  for  which  these  men  were 
called  here.   They  must  be  us3d;  in  ether  words,  they 
must  go  home^  and  tiiey  must  organise  their  States  by 
State  councils  cf  defense  or  by  committees  off  safety, 
as  Massachusetts  haa  it  today,  or  as  New  York  has  it, 
using  all  its  machinery.   That  machinery  must  be  ex- 
tended as  it  is  extended  in  the  State  of  Wisconsin, 
into  every  city  where  we  have  a  local  council  of  de- 
fense of  strong  men,  and  the  State  councils  of  defense, 
using  the  machinery  through  county  and  municipality, 
must  do  the  first  sane,  sensible  thing,  and  that  is, 
they  must  take  end  keep  up  a  continuous  census  of  their 
States,  and  if  they  will  do  that,  and  if  they  will  get 
the  privilege  to  do  that  from  this  government,  or  the 
suggestion  to  get  it,  then  we  will  have  in  every  com- 
munity an  organization  which  reaches  out  into  its  State, 
and  which  is  supported  by  groups  within  its  economic 
section.   We  will  have  the  very  foundation  for  the 
system  by  which  we  can  get  that  labor. 

Now,  I  am  speaking  for  my  own  city,  Racine,  Wis- 
consin, and  I  am  speaking  for  th3  cities  in  the  Miss- 
issippi Valley,  and  the  manufacturers  are  just  as  patri- 
otic as  the  laboring  men,  and  there  is  no  question  now 
of  labor  or  capital  in  this  proposition;  and  I  know  there 
would  not  be  one  particle  of  difficulty  if  we  were  tak- 
ing the  census  of  the  United  States  by  States,  and  tak- 
ing it  on  uniform  blanks  across  the  United  States,  that 
while  we  were  taking  tha.t  census,  I  do  not  believe  there 
would  be  one  question  raised  by  any  manufacturer  to  the 
point  that  a  period  in  each  community  at  least  could  be 


fixed  so  that  the  cities  could  turr  out  for  a  certain 
period  and  tale  oare  of  that  grain.,  take  care  of  the  pick- 
ing of  fruits,  and  take  care  of  all  questions  of  crops. 
But  it  seems  to  me  the  first  thing  we 'have  got  to  de- 
termine is  a  practical  system  by  which  all  of  the  States 
go  at  it  in  -   practical  way,  and  in  t'lat  respect  I  be- 
lieve that  all  of  the  Federal  Departments  should  act 
down  through  the  organisation  as  created  here  through 
the  States,  and  get  the  States  in  scire  kind  of  uniform 
plan.   V/here  the  citizens  are  scattered  all  ever  the 
United  States  they  cannct  work*   You  cannot  ask  the 
State  of  Wisconsin  to  try  and  act  with  the  Labor  De- 
partment of  Washington.   If  ycu  do,  you  do  net  get  a 
practical  organisation,   (Applause) 

SECRETARY  WILSCKj   Mr.  Chairman,  I  do  net  know 
whether  I  am  responding  to  these  statements  without  be- 
ing expected,  to  respond  tc  their  or  net,  end  I  do  not 
want  tc  take  up  the  time  of  the  conference  when  a 
matter  cf  general  debate  is  on,  and  yet  I  feel, as 
it  started  out  in  the  form  of  questions,  possibly  with 
this  notification,  that  I  shall  cencider  hereafter  that 
it  is  a  general  debr/te,  rnd  not  a  neries  cf  questions 
that  are  being  asked,  I  would  like  tc  make  a  statement 
in  reply  to  the  gentleman  who  has  .lust  spoken,  cr  rath- 
er 'in  explanation  of  my  own  position  and  the  position 
of  the  Departmnnt. 

A  MEMBER:.   Mr,  Chairman,  would  it  ndt  be  better  to 
follow  the  rule  that  is  ordinarily  followed  on  all  such 

occasions?   Let  the  discussion  take  plaoe,  and  this 

is  with  every  courtesy  to  the  Secretary;  simply  in  the 

interests  of  economy  of  time,  let  the  discussion 

take  place,  end  then  the  Secretary  take  up  the  vprieus 
matters  at  the  end. 


THE  PRESIDING-  OFFICER,  MR,  GIFFORD:   I  think  it 
would. 

SECRETARY  T"ILSON:   I  have  nc  desire  to  obtrude  ?.nd 
answer  each  question  as  it  is  propounded,  and  raised 
the  question,  as  I  did,  for  that  reason. 

DR.  JOSEPH  HYDE  PRATT,  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA:   Mr. 
Chairman,  the  Secretary  made  a  suggestion  that  we  think 
aloud,  and  there  are  one  or  two  thoughts  that  dome  to 
ray  mind  in  regard  to  the  labor  problem  that  have  not 
been  touched  upon,  that  I  think  can  be  used  to  work 
out  to  some  extent  in  seme  States,  as  Will  be  done  in 
North  Carolina,  to  help  solve  tha  labor  problem, 

particularly  in  connection  with  harvesting  the  crops. 

not 
We  may  be  able  to  utilize  these  suggestions  for  any 

planting  season  at  the  present. 

New,  there  are  tffo  classes  of  labor  which  I  am 

going  to  refer  to  that  f re  of  almost  opposite  kinds. 

One  relates  tc  the  student  bodies  in  our  universities 

i 
and  high-schools,  and  the  other  is  the  confined  labor 

in  cur  prisons  end  jails. 

At  the  University  of  Itfortb  Caroline,  when  we  found 
the  age  limit  for  those  who  had  the  opportunity  of  try- 
ing for  the  officers*  reserve  corps  "or  commissions  was 
raised  tc  twenty  years  and  nine  months,  thsere  were 
seventy-five  tc  or 2  hundred  and  fifty  that  signified 
they  wanted  to  go,  who  were  below  that  ago  limit,  "v^l 
it  was  suggested  that  trey  offer  their  services  when 
the  college  closed  to  the  agricultural  interests  of 
North  Carolina.   If  they  did  not  need  them  they  could 
get  together  and  later  go  out  to  a  State  that  North 
Carolina  is  very  rauch  interested  in,  because  we  have 
sent  so  many  people  there  recently,  to  Oklahoma,  and 


•'  ".'; 


assist  in  harvesting  the  wheat  crop  and  other  grain 
crops  of  Oklahoma.   Itow,  I  believe  you  will  find,  if 
you  put  it  up  to  our  student  body  that  they  are  perform- 
ing just  as  much  cf  a  patriotic  service  to  the  country 
in  assisting  in  hatvesting  the  grain  crcps  and  the 
fruit  crops  and  any  other  agricultural  crops,  as  if 
they  had  been  able  to  apply  for  a  commission  in  or  join 
the  army,  you  will  find  they  will  go  by  hundreds  and 
assist  in  the  harvesting  of  various  crcps,   I  believe 
we  will  attain  very  good  results  from  the  use  of  our 
student  labor,  and  the  high-schocl  labor,  getting  those 
boys  interested,  so  that  they  will  feel  they  are  doing 
something  that  is  worth  while  in  harvesting  the  crops. 
Now,  the  other  kind  of  labor  that  I  mentioned  is 
the  prison  labor.   There  was  a  statement  m.E.de  this 
morning  in  the  meeting  in  regard  to  the  construction  of 
roads.   Should  we  go  ahead  and  ce,rry  cut  a  general  scheme 
for  road  construction  when  the  labor  that  we  would  use 
in  the  construction  of  roads  was  needed  on  the  farms? 
In  North  Carolina  we  are  using  at  the  present  time  some- 
thing like  twc  thousand  of  our  prisoners  in  building 
our  roads.   In  Georgia  they  are  using  more  than  that 
number.   We  use  seme  of  them  now  on  our  State  farms. 
We  passed  a  law  at  the  General  Assembly  of  1917  that 
will  make  part  cf  that  labor  more  efficient,  either  for 
working  en  the  reads  or  en  the  farms-,  -than  it  ever  was 
before,  because  from  new  on  ail  cur  prisoners  are  di- 
vided into  three  classes:   One,  the  first  class,  a.re 
worked  v;ithcut  guards,  and  the  men  are  not  in  stripes; 
they  are  worked  almost  as  though  they  were  a  division 
cf  an  army;  and  they  are  under  the  same  rules  and  regu- 
lations as  any  company,  as  any  arm  of  the  army;   we  put 


7f 


them  out  on  the  roafle  and  campe.   There  are  no  armed 
guards.   There  is  not  a  single  forenan  or  anyone  in 
that  camp  allowed  bo  carry  a  gun,  not  even  a  pistol 
in  his  pocket.   Few,  that  first  class  of  cur  prisoners 
we  can  use,  If  recescary,  in  harvesting  crops.   Now, 
you  will  fir.d  in  North  Carolina.  I  will  spy,  that  easi- 
ly twenty-five  percent  or  terhaps. fifty  percent  cf  the 
men  that  are  eor.fined  today  as  prisoners  in  that  State, 
if  we  put  it  up  to  them  that  in  this  crisis  they  can 
serve,  every  one  of  them  nearly  will  be  glad  to  take 
upon  himself  the  feeling  that  he  was* serving  hie  country, 
although  he  was  a  prisoner  instead,  of  being  a  free  man. 
And  I  believe  that  with  these  two  classes  cf  labor  we 
will  be  able  to  help  solve  some  of  the  questions  of  the 
South  with  regard  to  planting. 

THE  PRESIDING-  OFFICER,  in.    CIEFORD:   I  think  it 
better  at  this  time  to  confine  ourselves  to  questions. 
The  Secretary  of  Labor  must  leave  in  a  few  moments  to 
keep  an  engagement. 

COMMISSIONER  BOYLE,  OF  NEVADA:   May  I  make  a  sug- 
gestion? This  body  is  toe  cumbersome,  it  seer.s  to  me, 
to  take  up  a  discussion  of  this  character  en  an  import- 
ant question  of  this  sort  in  the  way  we  are  taking  it 
up.   It  appears  to  me  we  should  adopt  t'ae  usual  practice 
in  cases  of  this  sort,  and  appoint  committees  to  pre- 
sent to  the  body  some  proposition  or  alternative  propo- 
sitions which  could  then  become  the  subject  of  debate. 
We  are  hearing  a  number  of  admirable  suggestions,  but 
undoubtedly  these  suggestions  could  be  made  to  Com- 
mittees, and  these  committees  could  then  present  to  the 
conference  something  upon  which  they  could  predicate 
further  discussion;  and  I  believe  that  we  will  proceed 


7/ 


much  faster  and  that  we  ffilj  be  able  to  return  with 

something  much  more  concrete,  touching  on  all  of  the 
lines  ana  all  o^  the  activities  that  we  are  expect- 
ed to  handle,  if  the  Chair  would  entertain  now  a 
motion  that  questions  of  this  character  should  be  sub- 
mitted to  committees  to  be  sei^cted  by  the  Chair, 
and  that  these  committees  should  report  to  the  con- 
ference. 

THE  PRESIDING  OFFICER,  IER,  GIFFORD;   If  the  Chair 
may,  I  would  lil.e  to  explain  our  intentions  at  these 
meetings,   It  was  our  intention  to  hear  today,  this 
afternoon  ?nd  tomorrow  morning  from  the  representatives 
of  the  government  as  to  what  the  government  was  doing, 
as  to  what  the  States  could  obviously  do  in  connection 
with  those  plans,  and  to  assist  the  Federal  Government, 

It  was  thought  wise,  it  seemed  to  us  well,  

to  allow  questions  from  the  floor  to  the  speakers, 
I  should  like  to  continue  the  idea  of  direct  questions 
which  the  speaker  only  can  answer.   If  it  is  the  de- 
sire that  the  states  themselves  exchange  experiences 
in  handling  these  problems,  wo  have  got  a  different 
question  on  our  hands.   I  believe  it  would  be  imposs- 
ible to  finish  cur  program  by  tomorrow  night  if  that 
is  the  plan  that  we  wish  to  follow,   I  am  personally 
open-minded  on  what  we  should  do.   I  feel  very  strong- 
ly that  these  can  be  much  better  done,  the  dis- 
cussion and  the  swapping  of  experiences  of  how  things 
worked  in  different  places,  -■ —  by  written  memoranda 
handed  in  and  mimeographed,  and  put  in  shape  and  dis- 
tributed promptly  to  every  member  of  the  delegation. 
You  will  then  have  time  to  study  it  over,  find  out 
whether  it  appeals  at  all  to  you  as  adaptable  to  your 


77 


' 


local  situation,  and  we  can  save  the  time  very  ma- 
terially cf  the  gent?.emen  here.  Unless  there  is  a 
strong  feeling  that  we  should  do  the  contrary,  I  would 

prefer  not  to  appoint  committees*   I  would  prefer  to 
have  these  things  sent  in  tc  us  by  the  men  whe  have 
prograrrs  in  their  srarious  States  which  they  think  are 
useful  and  valua.ble.   Let  us  promptly  get  them  to- 
gether and  send  them  out  to  all  cf  you,  and  let  us 
confine  our  program  as  we  originally  had  it  tc  hearing 
the  Federal  Government  express  its  activities  and 
how  it  wishes  the  States  to  assist,  and  in  asking 
questions  to  that  point. 

MR,  GRAY,  OF  MARYLAND:  Gentlemen,  there  is  one 
question  that  a  number  of  us  would  like  tc  have  the 
Secretary  enlighten  us  on,  and  that  is  the  question 
of  idle  labor*  A  good  deal  of  the  colored  people 
who  have  left  the  Southern  States  have  come  into  the 
manufacturing  States,  and  they  are  malting  very  large 
wages  for  a  couple  of  days  cr  a  week,,  and  they  are 
idle  the  balance  of  the  time.   Hew,  we  feel  that  the 
military  conscription  is  correct  in  theory  and  in 

practice,  and  it  dees  seen  to  me,  and  I  will  not 

make  a  statement,  but  in  the  form  cf  a  question,  

that  it  has  seemed  to  us  that  a  federal  statute  direct- 
ed at  a.  man  who  has  no  regular  and  useful  employment 
will  come  nearer  solving  the  agricultural  labor  situa- 
tion than  any  other  plan.   If  it  is  not  a  practicable 
federal  question,  does  the  Council  of  National  De- 
fense feel  willing  to  suggest  to  the  States  some  uni- 
form statute  which  will  take  up  this  question? 

THE  PRESIDING  OFFICER,  MR.  GIFFORD:   Gentlemen, 
the  Secretary  of  Labor,  unfortunately,  ha3  to  leave 
us.   I  am  sorry  we  will  have  to  vary  our  program. 

'■7*     . 


If  you  have  any  further  questions,  I  will  attempt  to 
have  them  answered.  The  Secretary  would  like  to  say 
a  few  words  before  he  leaves. 

FURTHER  REMARKS  BY  HONORABLE  WILLIAM  B.  WILSON, 
SECRETARY  OF  LABOR. 

Mr.  Chairman  and  Gent  1  en- en:   I  have  to  be  at  my  office 
at  four  thirty  for  another  engagement,  and  by  my   tir.e 
it  is  now  four  fifteen,  and  I  want  simply  to  reiterate 
that  I  do  not  believe  the  way  to  reach  the  problem 
of  the  man  who  loafs  is  by  conscription  fcr  industrial 
purposes,  unless  that  conscription  of  industrial  work 
is  being  performed  by  the  Government  itself.   Then, 
there  may  be  a  justification  for  it.   I  think  the 

economic  conditions  are  the  conditions,  plus 

the  patriotic  sentiment  —  are  the  conditions  that 
would  ultimately  force  him  into  service.   It  is  true 
that  many  of  the  negroes  who  have  ccme  from  the  south 
have  gone  into  our  northern  cities  and  have  been 
hangers-on  at  our  big  industrial  plants.  We  have 

reports  net  final  reports  but  reports  from 

what  we  consider  tc  be  very  authentic  sources,  which 
indicate  that  many  cf  the  negroes  are  employed  at 
the  packing  establishments  in  Chicago,  fcr  instance, 
one  and  two  days  a  week,  and  living  in  crowded  quar- 
ters in  the  poorest  part  of  the  city,  eking  cut  an 
existence  upon  that,  but  our  information  is  that  those 
people  ara  not  working  but  the  one  and  two  days  a 
week,  net  simply  because  that  is  all  that  they  want 
to  work,  but  because  in  the  particular  industry  to 
which  their  attention  has  been  directed  the  oppor- 
tunity does  not  exist  for  them  to  work  there. 

Now,  may  I  say  in  reply  to  the  gentleman  from  Wis- 


cousin  that  there  is  no  disposition  on  the  part  of  the 
Department  cf  Labor  to  supersede  any  of  the  activi- 
ties and  functions  that  properly  "belong  to  the  States. 
What  we  want  to  do  is  to  supplement  that.   That  is 
what  we  want  to  do,  and  the  problem  of  the  mobility 
of  labor,  particularly  in  this  emergency,  is  very 
much  greater  than  State  boundaries,  and,  cf  course, 
State  activities  are  limited  by  their  geographical 
limitations,  just  as  municipal  activities  are  limited 
by  their  geographical  limitations.   It  requires  a 
greater  agency  properly  to  co-ordinate  the  mobiliza- 
tion of  labor  as  a  national  proposition  than  simply 
the  State  agency,  and  all  that  we  feel  that  we  ought 
to  do  is  to  supplement  titat-Vyrk; .  but  we  feel  this 
also,  that  in  order  to  supplement  it  properly  we  must 
be  in  a  position  to  dap  into  both  streams,  to  dip 
into  the  stream  of  labor  in  one  State  and  to  dip  in- 
to the  stream  of  employment  in  another.   If  we  are 
not  in  that  position,  then  we  are  not  in  position  to 
perform  the  function  that  the  Federal  Government  ought 
to  perform. 

Replying  to  the  gentlemen  who  suggest  the  employ- 
ment of  prison  labor  on  farms,  let  me  advise  you 
gentlemen  against  it.  Use  your  prison  labor  on  your 
roads,  if  you  will;  use  them  in  places  where  they  are 
segregated  from  other  labor.   One  of  the  great  diffi- 
culties of  the  labor  problem  of  today  is  that  you 
cannot  get  the  man  who  believes  himself  to  be  superior 
to  work  alongside  the  man  whom  he  believea  to  be  in- 
ferior.  We  have  had  experience  after  experience  in 
that  line.   You  all  recall  the  early  days  of  our  rail- 
road building  in  the  United  States.   The  maintenance  of 


to 


' 


■      '  '■-. 


way,  the  cor.  struct  ion,  was  performed  by  Amerioan  labor. 
Then  came  the  influx  of  Irish  labor.   It  was  put  to 
work  en  the  maintenance  of  way  and  construction*   The 

American  believed  himself  to  be  superior  to  the  Irish- 
'  man,  and  he  moved  off  and  he  left  the  work  to  the  Irish- 
man.  Later  on  you  found  that  the  American  finally 
came  to  understand  that  he  and  the  irishman  were  equal, 
and  the  Amerioan  began  to  go  back  on  to  your  road,  again, 
and  then  came  the  Italian.   The  Irishman  and  the  Ameri- 
can believed  themselves  to  be  superior  to  the  Italian, 
and  they  would  not  work  on  your  construction  work  and 
on  your  maintenance  cf  way  along  with  the  Italian, 
and  they  moved  off.   The  American  will  not  work  along 
with  your  Mexican  down  in  your  Southwestern  country. 
That  work  goes  all  to  the  Mexicans.   Why?  Becuase 

of  that  pride  that  there  is  in  the  human  breast,  

foolish  pride,  if  you  will,  but  it  is  there  never- 
theless.  But  he  will  not  stoop  to  work  in  cooperation 
with  those  whom  he  beliovesto  be  inferior  to  himself. 
And  when  you  place  3four  prison  labor  alongside  of  your 
free "labor  is  going  to  vacate  that  place  and  leave  it 
entirely  to  your  convict  labor,   And  my  advice  to  you 
is,  do  not  attempt  to  put  your  convict  labor  on  the 
farms.   Utilize  them  on  the  rca.ds,  because  you  can 
utilize  them  to  advantage  there,  separate  and  apart 
from  the  employment  cf  other  kinds  of  labor. 

I  thank  ycu  gentlemen  for  the  attention  ycu  have 
given  me,   (Applause) 

THE  PRESIDING  OFFICER,  MR.  OIFFORE:   Now,  gentle- 
men,' we  have  spent  half  of  our  time,  if  we  are  going 
to  stay  until  six  o'clock,  and  we  have  another  question 
this  afternoon.   The  Secretary  of  Labor  and  the  Labor 


6/ 


Department  are  net  going  to  run  away  from  Washington. 
If  you  have  questions  to  be  answered  they  can  be  answer- 
ed at  the  Department,  if  you  have  time  to  call  there, 
or  by  Writing  a  letter  to  us  or  the  Labor  Department. 

A  MEMBER!   I  think  we  are  getting  some  real  good 
information  and  enlightenment  on  this  subject,  sir, 
and  I  think  it  better  to  let  us  proceed  and  discuss 
it.   Some  of  us  have  not  hours  enough  or  days  enough 
to  read  mimeographed  statements,  and  we  compare  notes  . 
here  and  get  immediate  replies,  and  learn  something 
of  the  practicability  of  different  oeb'soae.  We  have 
only  discussed  one  side  of  this  labor  subject  here. 
I  am  very  sorry  that  the  head  of  the  Department  of 
Labor  has  gone,  because  I  want  to  make  some  remarks 
a  little  critical  of  his  position  on  some  of  these 
things^   There  is  a  vast  variety  of  subjects  in  con- 
nection with  labor,  the  harvest  and  planting,  and 

so  forth,  that  we  must  take  up.   I  think  that  we  should 
be  allowed  to  proceed  with  "the  discussion. 

A  MEMBER:   I  move,  Mr.  Chairman,  that  we  follow 
the  program, 

THE  PRESIDING  OFFICER,  MR.  GIFFORD:   If  we  carry 
out  our  discussion  we  will  not  hear  from  the  Agricul- 
tural Department  today,  and  must  stay  one  or  two  days 
more.   Would  it  not  be  better  to  follow  the  program. 
Tomorrow  afternoon,  if  it  is  still  advisable  to  con- 
tinue the  discussion,  I  see  no  reason  why  we  should 
not  take  the  entire  day  of  Friday  for  discussion. 

Gentlemen,  I  would  like  to  introduce  to  you  Pro- 
fessor Pearson  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  who 
will  talk  to  us  on  "Cooperation  Between  the  Depart- 
ments of  the  Federal  Government  and  the  States."  (Applause' 

8Z 


STATSlffiHT  m   MR.  R.  \.    PEARSOH, 

ASSIST AITT  TO  THE  SECRETARY  OF  AGRICULTURE 

Mr.  Chairman,  Your  ExoelDencies,  Representatives  to 
this  Conference:   I  am  sorry  to  have  to  bring  to  you  the 
regret  of  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture,  Mr.  Houston,  who  is 
unable  to  attend  the  conference  this  afternoon.   lie  keenly 
appreciates  the  importance  of  this  gathering.   As  is  the 
case  wiiih  all  Cabinet  officers,  he  is  almost  overwhelmed  by 
the  additional  burden  that  has  fallen  upon  him  during  these 
past  few  weeks,  and  it  so  happened  that  he  had  arranged  a 
program  for  today  that  it  was  impossible  for  him  to  change 
sufficiently  so  that  he  could  a,ttend  this  session. 

I  hare  talked  the  matter  over  with  him  especially  be- 
fore coming  here,  and  I  shall  endeavor  to  represent  him  in 
telling  you  briefly  of  what  the  Department  of  Agriculture 
is  doing  in  this  emergency,  and  what  the  Department  of  Agri- 
culture ha3  to  suggest  in  reference  to  cooperation  on  the 
part  of  the  States  with  the  Federal  Government. 

I  think  I  should  not  take  much  of  your  time  to  review 
facte  which  must  be  familiar  to  you  all  in  reference  to  the 
great  food  shortage  throughout  the  world. 

We  like  to  think  of  the  crops  of  1915.,  but  we  must  re- 
member that  the  crops  of  1916  were  much  smaller,  especially 
in  reference  to  our  great  staples,  and  it  is  a  fact  that  we 
have  consumed  during  the  last  year  more  of  some  of  these 
pies  than  we  produced,  -  that  larger  consumption  being 
ossible  only  by  reason  of  a  carry  over  from  the  bumper 
crops  of  the  preceding  year.   Today  the  stocks  of  all  food 
products  are  at  a  low  level,  and  abroad  officials  who  have 
made  investigations  tell  us  that  there  is,  or  seems  to  be, 
an  almost,  unlimited  need  for  food  products,   One  expert, 
speaking  before  a  House  Committee  yesterday,  stated  that  it 

8d 


.  - 

'.  .1 


srould  require  two  years,  at  least,  of  bumper  crops  in  this 
(Untry  to  fill  the  ribs  of  Europe.   And  when  he  made  that 
atement  he  had  in  mind  animals  as  well  as  men;  for  while 
e  people  of  some  of  the  European  countries  are  today  not 
ceiving  their  full  rations,  it  is  far  worse  with  the  ani- 
ls; for  they  have  been  held  down  to  the  very  minimum  limits, 
and  so  many  of  their  animals  which  should  be  of  value  for  food 
purposes  will  not  be  of  such  value  until  they  have  had  oppor- 
tunity to  eat  more  food  than  is  necessary  merely  to  Veep  them 
alive. 

Now,  there  has  been  given  to  you,  or  there  will  be,  a 
statement  from  I'r.  Porter,  which  gives  a  bird's  eye  view  of 
the  organization  and  operation  of  the  Federal  Department  of 
Agriculture,  and  I  think  I  should  not  take  much  of  your  time 
on  that  subject.   I  imagine  the  subject  is  sufficiently  well 
known  to  many  of  you  now,  but  let  me  remind  you  that,  aside 
from  the  administrative  work,  the  great  functions  of  the  De- 
partment of  Agriculture  are  three  fold:   Agricultural,  Edu- 
cational, and  Research.  There  are  something  like  seventeen 
thousand  employees  of  the  Department.   Their  work  is  divided 
up  in  appropriate  bureaus  and  divisions,  so  that  each  great 
division  of  the  agricultural  industry  has  its  organisation 
within  the  Department. 

Now,  the  Department  of  Agriculture  is  doing  a  large 
amount  of  cooperative  work  with  the  States  under  special 
acts  of  Congress,  and  appropriations  made  by  Congress;  and 
I  wish  to  emphasize  now  that  the  Department  desires  and 
plans  this  work  which  is  done  in  the  States  upon  a  truly  co- 
operative basis.    The  Department  appreciates  that  the  larg- 
est and  best  results  will  not  be  possible  to  attain  unless 
the  work  is  organized  in  that  way,  and  I  am  g3ad  to  report 
to  you  that  large  results  are  coming  into  the  States  and  to 
our  Government  as  a  whole  as  a  result  of  this  cooperation. 


:ri, 


. 


. 


:-J    ;•:-'  ■  ... 


.-..•:.■; ■•■■-.■*»  ;.-• 


■ 


.  _  • . 


„,y«  -      gf.-j 


:■-:-:  r>: 


5       :rV:--Ov     ... 


.':••..    ....    .' 


... 


Now,  in  the  present  emergency  the  Department  is  speed- 
ing up  to  the  limit.   To  a  certain  extent  certain  activities 
have  been  decreased  in  order  that  others  more  important  might 
receive  greater  emphasis;   Secretary  Houston,  as  soon  as  pos- 
•  sible  after  it  was  known  that  this  country  would  be  plunged 
into  war,  called  together  In  St.  Louis  a  conference  of  the 
leading  official  representatives  of  all  States  except  those 
west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains t   and  the  western  officials  were 
called  together  at  Berkeley,  California.   The  whole  subject 
of  these  enormous  problems  that  have  fallen  upon  the  farmers 
of  the  country  and  upon  their  official  organization  were  gone 
over  as  well  as  could  be.   Recommendations  were  adopted  unani- 
mously, 1  believe;  if  not,  they  were  practically  unanimous, 
and  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  today  is  proceeding  along 
those  line3.   He  has  made  a  comprehensive  plan  which  has  been 
submitted  to  Congress  and  is  now  under  consideration.   Action 
upon  this  plan  was  necessarily  delayed  because  of  the  atten- 
tion that  has  been  given  to  more  urgent  military  measures. 
This  plan  includes  provision  for  extending  certain  lines  of 
work  now  being  conducted  by  the  Department,  strengthening  cer- 
tain efforts  uhere  being  carried  on  in  a  minor  way  at  the 
present  time,  and. he  has  recommended  an  appropriation  of 
twenty-five  million  dollars  to  enable  the  Government  to  put 
these  larger  plans  into  operation,  and  a  considerable  part 
of  this  fund  is  intended  for  use  in  cooperation  with  the  dif- 
ferent States. 

In  this  emergency  the  Department  is  giving  special  at- 
tention to  three  things:   Increasing  production  of  food}  the 
reduction  of  waste;  and  the  better  distribution  of  food  pro- 
ducts. 

I  am  going  to  speak  to  you  very  briefly  upon  what  the 
Department  is  attempting  to  do  along  these  lines.  And  let 
me  say  to  you  that  this  work  is  in  line  with  what  is  being 
done  in  many  of  our  States,  because  the  problem  is  the  same 


... 


everywhere,  and  thinking  men  nave  been  working  upon  it  hard 
in  these  recent  days  and  weeks,  consulting  with  one  another 
as  muoh  as  they  crald,  and  naturally  they  have  set'cled  down 
very  Jargejy  ujinn  the  same  general  conclusions. 

First,  as  to  th6  labor  situation:   The  Secretary  of 
Labor  has  made  a  comprehensive  statement.   He  has  called 
attention  to  the  fact  that  the  two  Departments  havb  entered 

o  a  cooperative  agresment  sc  that  their  efforts  will  be 
supplementary  rather  than  duplicative.   In  a  word,  just  to 
repeat  a  little  of  what  you  have  heard,  the  Department  of 
Agriculture,  through  a  representative  (which  it  is  expected 
to  place  in  each  State  to  cooperate  with  the  proper  State 
organization)  the  Department  of  Agriculture  will  ascertain 
the  needs  of  the  farmers  in  the  different  States,  and  is  to 
assist,  as  far  as  it  can,  in  placing  the  ordinary  agricul- 
tural labor,  such  as  is  not  already  placed.   There  is  a 
good  deal  of  this  labor;  it  is  estimated  thai:  there  are  more 
than  a  half  million  retired  farmers  in  this  country.,  many  of 
them  able  and  willing  to  work  and  help  out  in  this  emergency. 
In  addition  there  is  a  great  army  of  young  people,  many  of 
whom  are  very  anxious  ta  help.    The  Department,  of  Agricul- 
ture, then,  plane  to  ascertain  the  needs  end  do  what  it  can 
in  placing  wisely  such  agricultural  labor  in  the  agricul- 
tural communities  as  is  not  already  placed.    The  Depart- 
ment of  Labor  will  locate  other  available  help  in  large 
number  from  such  fields  as  they  have  information  about,  some 
"unemployed  labor,  some  labor  which  may  03  temporarily  re- 
lieved of  their  present  duties,  and  so  on.  as  Secretary 
Wilson  has  suggested;  and  then  the  two  Departments  will  join 
to  see  that  that  labor  is  moved  into  the  districts  where  it 
is  most  needed,, 

We  are  constantly  hearing  of  the  importanow  of  or  opera- 
tion, -  the  desire  on  the  part  of  many  patriotic  people  to 

at, 


assist  wherever  they  may.  And  as  I  proceed  through  the  dis- 
cussion of  these  three  o^  four  points,  I  hope  I  may  say  something 
srill  suggest  to  you  so  that  you  mz.y   take  it  to  your  State  and  em- 
phasize the  fact  tnat  there  is  something  that  everyone  may  do, 
and  there  is  no  reason  v:hy  thei'  should  delay  their  good  help.   In 
reference  to  the  labor  question  it  is  easy  to  see  how  all  citizen: 
may  cooperate  along  the  lines  indicated  by  the  Secretary  of  Labor 

(d  along  the  lines  which  I  have  already  suggested. 
How,  as  to  increasing  production  and  reducing,  waste.  So  mu< 
has  been  said  about  increasing  production,  that  a  good  many  peopli 
have  been  led  to  think  that  there  will  be  an  over  production  and 
that  the  bottom  will  come  out  of  the  market,  and  uhey  will  not  re- 
ceive remuneration  for  their  efforts.   I  say  that  knowingly,  be- 
(use  of  the  enormous  number  of  letters  and  telegrams  that  are  co: 
g  in  to  the  Department  of  Agriculture  en  that  very  subject,  man 
of  them  from  all  parts  of  the  country,  asking  for  some  definite 

Rsurance  from  any  authoritative  source  that  there  is  no  danger 
an  overproduction.   Secretary  Houston  and  all  who  have  studied 
the  subject  can  see  no  sign  of  such  danger.   In  order  to  remove 

(e  doubt  from  the  minds  of  every  one,  the  Secretary  has  recom- 
nded  to  the  Congress  that  authority  should  be  given  to  national 
uncils  of  defense  to  establish  guaranteed  minimum  prices  upon 
rtain  of  the  most  important  staple  articles  and  to  place  these 
ices  at  such  level  as  will  assure  the  farmers  of  reasonable  pay 
and  fair  profits  for  their  efforts  in  producing  these  crops.   Sue: 

I  price,  of  course,  is  net  a  maximum  price.   It  is  a  guaranteed 
inirnura,  and  the  law  of  supply  and  demand  may  carry  the  price  abo 
tie  level  which  is  established  as  the  minimum.   Closely  related 
o  this,  I  may  say  now  that  the  Secretary  has  also  reoomnended 
o  the  Congress  that  authority  should  be  given  to  the  Council  of 
National  Defense,  if  emergency  requ^s^  it,  to  establish  raximam 
prices  upon  food  products,  so  as  to  discourage  and  stop  improper 

s7 


.      -V  — 


" 


gambling,  hoarding  and  manipulation  and  large  and  unlawful 
profits.   (Applause)   There  is  reason  to  believe  that  some 
oi  the  high  prices  which  we  are  now  experiencing  are  due 
to  some  such  causes. 

Nov.-  as  to  the  better  methods  of  production  so  as  to 
increase  production,  let  no  say  that  the  Hinute  Men  on   that 
phase  of  the  job  are  the  county  agents  who  are  scattered 
throughout  the  country.   There  are  about  twenty-nine  hundred 
rural  counties  in  the  United  States,  and  about  seventeen  hun- 
dred of  them  are  supplied  with  these  agents.   I  presume  that 
their  activities  are  familiar  to  all  of  the  men  in  this  room 

One  of  the  great  :liff  icultics  experienced  by  Germany 
when  she  drew  a  large  number  of  her  men  into  the  army  was 
that  she  could  not  easily  increase  her  agricultural  produc- 
tion, for  the  reason  that  before  the  war  her  methods  of 
agriculture  had  been  developed  to   a  high  state  of  efficiency, 
and  there  "/as  not  a  leeway  for  improving  methods  and  thus  in- 
creasing crops  production,  stich  ~s  coald  bo  found  in  many 
other  countries.   It  has  been  estimated  in  this  country  that 
thirty  percent  jf  the  food  products  going  into  our  homes  is 

sted,  and  a  larger  percentage  of  waste  obtains  in  the  pro- 
dust  ion  yZ   food.    The  American  people  have  net  yet  come  to 
realize  the  import once  of  adopting  and  following  the  very 
best  methods  known  for  producing  crops,  nor  have  they  real- 
|  ized  the  importance  of  properly  saving  the  cro2?s  after  they 
have  been  once  produced.   It  is  estimatea,  for  example,  that 
on  a  pleasant  day  in  July  the  insects  of  this  country  eat  up 
not  loss  than  ten  millions  dollars  worth  of  good  food,  a  very 
large  portion  of  that  meal  being  entirely  unnecessary.   And 
it  can  be  saved  by  adopting  methods  which  are  already  well 
known.   And  so  it  is  the  plan  of  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture, 

88 


if    '  °s   furnishes    the  necessary  funds,    to  place   an 

agricultural   agent    in   practically  every  rural   county  of 
this   country,   assuming  that  the   States   desire   to   have   that 
done,    aria   in   some   counties  more  than    one   agent.,    in  order 
that    those  bettor  methods  may  be  brought    into    operation 
more   rapidly  and  more   effectively  than  has  been  possible 
la  the   past.      It   is   his   plan  also    to   establish  a  larger 
number   of. the  women  county  agents,   whose  duty  it  would 
be  to   cooperate  with  the  women  of  the  homes.      For   it   is 
said   that  these  women  in  the  homes   are  spending  about 
eighty  percent    of  the    outgo    of   the    family,    and    that 
their   expenditures   involve   at   the  present   time,    a  waste 
not   loss   than  seven  hundred  million  dollars  8  yeaxi 
daughter)      That   is  not  a  figure  which  has  been  obtained 
trough  the  United  States    cersusl    (Laughter)      It   is  a 
.gure  which  has  been    arrived  at   by  government    calcu- 
itions   made  by  food   experts.      It   amounts,    as   you  see,   to 
average   of  about   seven    dollars   per  capita  per  year. 
A  MEMBER:      Hay   I   ask,    is    that  seven   hundred  million 
waste   of   food,    you   spoke   of? 

MP..    PEARSON:      Household  waste.      That    includes    other 
iste  as  well. 

A     MEMBER:      Does  that    include  also  shirt  wai&t? 
jaughter ) 

A  MEMBER:      Is   it   not   the  city  women  that    cause  this 
tste  more   than   the  country  women? 

M£     PEARSON:      I  doubt   if   it  would    be  possible   to 
say  that    there   is   any   great    difference  as   to  actual  waste, 
as   refers   to   food   products,   as  between   those  living  in  the 
city  and  those   living   in  the   country. 

In  developing   the   campaign  for  larger   food  production, 
gentlemen,    special  emphasis   should  be   given  to   the  question 

87 


o        i      >s  that  nay  be   saved  and  not   those   that    are   too  readi- 
ly perishable.      *"e    ought    to   avoid   experiment ing,    because  we 
have  neither   tine   nor  money  for   doubtful   efforts.      Each 
cou.iunity  should   produce  an   increase  \   quantity  of   its   own 
staple   crrp,   and    in  addition   it  should    increase  the  variety 
of    its    production  t  5   the    extent   of    its   own   hone  needs,   and 
communities  should  learn  uore   than  they  have   learned  up 
to   this    tine   to  make   use   of  food  products    in  their  own  lo- 
calities  rather   than  t  )   ship  those   out    and  to   ship  other 
food   products    in.      In  that   way  we  nay  succeed   in   largely 
relieving  the  con  jest  ion  which  rests    on  the   railroads. 

As   to   the  nethocls   ^f  distribution,    it   has  been  recom- 
mend e  1   to   the   Oratress   that   a  survey  should  be  made   as   soon 
as   possible  for  ascertaining  the  quantity  of  food  products 
how   in  this  country.     v.'ithout    information  of  that  kind   the 
authorities    of  states   and  nation  are   helpless   when  it    cones 
to  action  upon  such  an   important    question  as    changing  the 
percentage   of  milling  of   the    flour,      it  has  been  estimated 
that    by  changing  that  percentage   from  seventy   or    seventy- one 
.vo    or   throe   to  eighty-one  >   the    equivalent   of  about  eigh- 
ieen  millions   of  barrels   of  flour   could  be  saved.      There 

"o  other  methods  for  extending  flour,  such  as  the  use  of 
ither  cereals  along  with  the  wheat  ,  and  Congress  has  been 
isked  to  permit  such  extension  under  certain  restrictions 
pile   this    emergency   is    existing. 

In    >rder  to  make    this  work  more   efficient  it  is   of 
urse  necessary  to  standardize   the  grades    3f  agricultural 
produt.    s,    and    recommendations    along  that  line  have  heen 
bade. 

How   it    is   hoped  that  in  every  State  where   an   organi- 
zation has   not   been  effected,    such  an   organization   vail 
be   provided.      A  central  committee   of  defense   or  safety, 


.t   coi.mittoe   should   iri.clo.de   represent -it ives   of   farmer's 
organizations.      It   should    include  a   representative   of  the 
Land   Oront   College   or  the  extension  service  vrhich   is   con- 
nected  therewith.      It   should    include  representatives    of  the 
business    interests,   so     s  to  make    it  more    easy  to  reach  the 
e  numoer   of  consumers    in  cities   and  towns.      The  banking 

Iterests   should  be  represented.      It   is    expected  that  the 
rtment  of   Agriculture  "/ill  cooperate  with  the  States 
vury   largely  through  this    committee    in  connection  with   the 
advance   of  cooperation  already  developed   through  the  agri- 
cultural  extension  service. 

We   believe   that    even   though  Congress    has   not  acted, 
there   is    something  now  for   each   State  to   do   alon  ;  these 
lines.        There  should   be    organization   in  the    counties,    one 

every  county,    coordinated  with  the    State    organization, 
end   it  would  bo  well   to    go   even  further    ml  have   organi- 
zations   in  the  town snips.        Ey  that  meons  when   the  machinery 
is  working  well   it  will   be  possible   to  make   known  the  needs 
in   ony  locality  tc    labor  or   seeds    or   :a?rkcts    in  the   most 
oper  and  efficient  way.      And   it    would  be   possible  also 
furnish  relief  most    promptly  and   efficiently, 

i:r.    Chairman,    I   hr.ve   attempted  to   go    over  this   matter 
idly,   touching    only  upon   the   most    important   points,    think- 
that    out    of  the   enormous   field   which   might    be   discussed 
re   some   quest ions    oould  be   of  far   greater   interest   tc    the 
ernors   than  other   questions,    and   those  will  perhaps   come 
out    in  a  discussion.      I  thank  you   for   your   attention.    (Ap- 
plouse) 


II 


THE  PRESIDING  OFFICER,  MR.  C-IFFORD:   Gentlemen, 
I  should  like  to  ask  General  Gray,  of  Maryland,  to 
make  an  announcement  winch  he  wishes  to  make,  and  then 
we  will  go  en  with  the  discussion. 

GENERAL  GRAY,  OF  MARYLMDt   Gentlemen,  we  have 
felt  that  the  representatives  of  the  States  would  like 
an  opportunity  to  talk  rather  unrestrainedly  in  re- 
gard to  a  good  many  cf  their  problems,  and  exchange 
viewswith  each  ether  about  matters  which  are  not 
necessarily  on  the  program.   So,  a  few  of  us  who 
were  here  a  day  or  two  ago  thought  that  we  would  have 
a  subscription  dinner  tonight  at  the  Cabinet  Room  at 
the  Willard  Hotel  at  seven-thirty,  at  which  we  hope 
every  one  of  the  representatives  and  alternates  and 
governors,  particularly,  can  come,  and  at  that  dinner, 
in  addition  to  having  a  very  plain  dinner  for  two  dol- 
lars, we  will  have  an  opportunity  for  freer  discuss- 
ion than  is  possible  in  the  meetings,  which  them- 
selves are  arranged  as  outlined.   Now,  we  would  like 

to  get  an  idea,  the  important  feature  now  is  to 

get  an  idea  of  how  many  ?;ill  be  there, and  I  was 

wondering  if  the  Chair  and  the  Secretary  vjould  not 
call  for  a  vote  on  that,  so  that  we  could  make  an 
arrangement  with  th?  hotel  to  obtain  the  use  of  the 
Cabinet  room  for  the  number  that  will  probably  be 
there. 

THE  PRESIDING  OFFICER,  MR.  GIFFORD:   Gentlemen,  I 
will  ask  everyone  who  will  be  there  to  stand. 

(Thereupon  the  Secretary  counted  the  number  of 
gentlemen  standing,  a.nd  announced  that  about  sixty 
had  expressed  their  desire  to  be  present  at  the  din- 
ner.) ^-^ 


THE  PRESIDING  OFFICER,  MR.  GIFFORD:   Is  Mr.  Hale 
here?  Mr,  Hale,  you  wanted  to  apologize  for  something 
that  is  wrong? 

MR,  HALE;   I  simply  wanted  to  call  attention  to 
the  fact  that  this  report  is  made  up  wrong  in  one 
respect.   Page  three  in  The  agricultural  report  should 
be  page  three  in  the  Department  of  Labor  report. 
There  are  also  some  documents  from  the  Department  of 
Labor  which  we  want  distributed  at  the  end  of  the  meet- 
ing, 

MR.  E.  Jf  WATERS,  CF  KANSAS:   Mr.  Chairman,  I 
should  like  to  ask  Dr.  Pearson  what  relation  the 
representative  of  the  government  will  sustain  in  the 
labor  movemenx  to  The  STate  Council  of  Defense,  the 
State  Department  of  Agriculture,  or  the  State  Col- 
lege of  Agriculture.,   I  mean  the  representative  whom 
you  will  designate  from  each  of  the  States? 

DR.  PEARSON:   Mr.  Chairman,  there  have  been  an 
enormous  number  of  questions  coming  up  and  having  to 
be  settled  within  a  very  few  days.   It  happens  that 
question  has  not  been  fully  adjusted  yet,  but  the  plan 
which  is  under  consideration  is  that  the  Department  of 
Agriculture  should  communicate  wiTh  the  Chairman  of 
the  State  Council  of  Defense,  or  whatever  his  name 
may  be,  and  ask  his  advice  as  to  the  best  method  of 
coordination. 

MR.  C.  "'.  MARCH,  OF  MINNESOTA:  Mr.  Chairman,  I 
would  like  to  ask  if  the  questions  that  are  proposed 
to  be  taken  in  a  census  will  be  furnished  by  the  De- 
partment of  Agriculture.  In  other  words,  we  propose 
to  extend  the  scope  of  the  inquiries  a  little  in  Minne- 
sota.  We  have  already  organized  our  department  through 

?3 


our  defense  department  or  commission.   They  are  at 
the  head  of  the  committee;  and  in  each  county  we  have 
a  chairman  and  in  each  county  we  will  have  a  man  re- 
port to  the  county  chairman,  and  the  county  chairman 
report  to  our  seven  Commissioners, which  gives  us  a 
working  organization.   We  propose  to  take  a  census 
of  the  States  of  just  what  labor  will  be  required,  of 
just  what  labor  we  have  in  all  of  the  villages  and  in 
the  large  cities;  and  what  we  would  like  now  is  just 
what  the  Government  is  going  to  furnish  us  in  the  way 
of  blanks  and  questions  that  they  will  wish  to  ask 
us,  in  order  tnat  we  may  not  duplicate  the  inquiries, 
and  so  we  will  not  have  double  work,  and  so  we  can 
do  the  work  that  the  government  wishes ,  and  also  do 
the  work  that  our  own  commission  and  State  wishes. 

I  would  like  to  ask  what  the  Government  is  go- 
ing to  do,  if  they  have  decided  about  it,  along  those 
lines  of  preparing  proper  blanks  and  proper  questions. 

MR.  PEARSON:   Mr,  Chairman,  if  you  will  permit, 
I  will  ask  Dr.  Galloway,  Assistant  to  the  Secretary 
of  Agriculture,  who  is  in  the  room,  to  reply  to  that 
question,  for  he  has  giv^n  it  a  great  deal  of  attention. 

MR,  MARCH,  OF  MINNESOTA:   May  I  just  add  another 
question  along  that  line?  Would  the  Government  repre- 
sentative have  a  franking  privilege,  so  we  might  be 
saved  postage  in  making  these  surveys? 

THE  PRESIDING  OFFICER,  MR.  GlFFORD:   I  can  answer 
that.   At  present,  without  a  special  law,  it  cannot 
be  done  in  the  States;  so  the  Postmaster  General  has 
informed  me. 

DR.  B.  T.  GALLOWAY:   Mr.  Chairman,  and  Gentlemen: 
Answering  in  part  Dr.  March's  question,  I  may  say  that 


plans  which  have  been  made  are  briefly  these.   We  have 
already  put  in  each  State  a  man  who  is  connected  with 
the  office  of  farm  management.   Tnat  man  will  ally 
himself  with  the  extension  branch  of  the  College  of 
Agriculture.   It  is  not  intended  that  this  representa- 
tive of  the  Department  should  prepare  blanks  or  forms, 
but  he  is  simply  to  be  an  advisor  to  the  State,  who 
is  planning  tc  collect  information  in  regard  to  labor. 

The  Department  has  not  made  any  plans  for  the 
printing  of  forms  of  blanks.   It  is  preparing  certain 
suggested  forms,  but  it  is  planning  tc  send  them 
through  these  agents  that  we  are  proposing  to  send 
to  the  States.   That  is  as  far  as  the  Department  has 
proceeded.   We  realize  this  matter  is  one  largely 
arising  in  the  States,  and  cur  position  is  largely  an 
advisory  position,  through  our  State  agents,  agri- 
cultural county  agents,  and  these  farm  apecialists. 
We  have  thirty-two  already  located,  expect  to  co- 
relate  this  work,  and  advise  in  every  way  helpful  to 
those  agencies  already  established  in  the  States,  and 
part  of  that  advice  will  be  the  preparation  of  suit- 
able forms  that  will  be  utilized  in  making  these 
censuses. 

MR.  CHARLES  W,  AMES,  OF  MINNESOTA:   Mr,  Chairman, 
I  want  to  add  a  word  to  what  my  associate,  Colonel 
March,  has  said.   It  is  cur  purpose,  it  is  our  de- 
sire, in  Minnesota,  and  I  take  it  frcm  what  has 

been  said  here  this  afternoon,  a  similar  desire  ex- 
ists in  our  neighboring  State  of  Wisconsin,  at  one 

time  to  use  the  very  thorough  organization  which  we 
have,  and  are  going  to  call  the  war  organization  of 
the  State,  tc  take  a  census  once  and  fcr  all,  if  poss- 
ibl  ,  in  which  we  shall  collect  at  one  operation  all 


r  r. 


information  that  the  Government  wants,  together  with 
any  other  information  that  we  may  want  for  our  own 
purposes;  and  of  course  it  is  obvious  that  we  need 
to  have  very  efficient  and  elaborate  schedules  fcr 
that,  and  fcr  that  reason  we  are  asking  new  whether 
the  Department  cf  Agriculture  will  furnish  us  with 
schedules  covering  what  information  they  want.   We 
shall  ask  the  T7ar  Department  to  furnish  us  with  simi- 
lar schedules,  and  the  Commissioners  frcm  New  York 
and  Connecticut,  where  they  are  making  these  elabor- 
ate investigations  for  their  schedules,  and  we  want 
all  contributions  that  we  can  get  for  that  purpose, 
and  especially  do  we  want  the  official  schedule  which 
would  set  forth  what  the  Government  cf  the  United 
States  wants, 

THE  PRESIDING  OFFICER,  MR.  GIFFORD:   It  might  be 
well  new,  at  this  pcint,  to  say  that  we  have  been 
studying  very  carefully  the  question  cf  industrial 
and  man  power  census*   The  agricultural  census  we 
have  not  touched,  but  Dr,  Gal lew ay  and  the  Agriculture 
Department  are  working  en  that.   Sc  far  as  the  man 
pewer  and  industrial  censuses  are  concerned,  we  are 

prepared  new,  that  is,  we  have  the  information,  

we  are  prepared  tc  furnish  you  with  what  the  Federal 
Government  would  desire  in  the  way  cf  information, 
including  the  Department's  man  power  census  and  an 
industrial  census  as  to  the  advisability  cf  ta.king 
the  census  throughout  the  country.   We  are  not  pre- 
pared at  the  present  minute  to  advise  the  taking  of 
the  census  throughout  the  country.   I  think  as  the 
program  develops  tomorrow  you  may  understand,  perhaps, 
why  that  is.   I  will  speak  again  on  it  later  tomorrow, 

7* 


and  if  it  seems  desirable,  and  when  it  seems  desirable. 
We  are  watching  the  situation,  and  when  it  seems  de- 
sirable,, we  will  notify  the  States  that  we  think  it 
very  important  to  take  a  census  if  the  State  thinks 
it's  desirable  to  take  a  census,  in  order  to  cooperate 
with  the  Federal  Government;  or  in  order  to  handle  its 
own  affairs  in  its  own  way.   By  all  means  the  States 
should  take  the  census,  and  we  are  very  glad  to  assist 
and  advise  and  inform  the  States  as  to  what  the  Feder- 
al Government's  needs  in  that  connection  would  be. 

MR.  MARCH:   The  point  is,  we  want  only  to  take 
one  census,  and  as  soon  as  possible.  Do  you  not  think 
it  a  good  plan  for  the  Federal  Government  to  prepare 
a  list  of  questions  they  wish  us  to  gather  for  them? 

THE  PRESIDING  OFFICER,  MR.  GIFFORD:   It  will  be 
done. 

MR.  MARCH:   That's  all  we  want  to  knew,  and  as 
soon  as  possibles 

THE  PRESIDING  OFFICER,  MR,  GIFFORD:   As  soon  as 
the  man  power  and  industrial  census  is  done,  and  the 
agricultural  census.   They  are  working  on  it  every 
day. 

A  MEMBER:   Mr.  Chairman,  if  that  information  is 
ready  may  I  inquire  if  it  Will  be  furnished  to  the 
delegates  present  here  tomorrow,  so  they  may  have  it 
before  leaving  the  city  of  Washington.   That  is  the 
point  I  have  to  make,   Can  we  get  it  tomorrow? 

THE  PRESIDING  OFFICER,  MR.  GIFFORD:   The  indus- 
trial census  we  can  furnish  tomorrow.   The  man  power 
census  depends  somewhat  on  the  passage  of  the  bill  in 
Congress,  and  we  can  not  make  a  final  statement  On 
that  until  that  draft  bill  has  passed,  which  in  it- 

77 


self  is  a  part  of  the  census* 

A  MEMBER!  Mr.  Chairman,  do  I  Understand  you  to 
say  that  the  Department  does  not  care  to  have  census 
made  now?  We  are  about  to  engage  in  that  work, 

THE  PRESIDING  OFFICER,  MR.  GIFFORD:   I  do  not 
mean  to  say  that  we  do  not  care  to  have  it  made  now, 
but  simply  that  we  are  not  urging  that  it  be  made  now. 
As  far  as  the  problem  before  us  is  concerned,  it  does 
not  seem  that  a  Federal  ccenr-up  of  man  power  and  indus- 
try is  essential  to  the  program.   I  feel  convinced 

that  it  will  be  essential  as  the  war  progresses  

I  feel  that  perhaps  a  hasty  census  taken  new  would 
mean  that  it  would  have  to  be  taken  again.   I  know 
that  some  gentlemen  think  that  it  can  be  kept  up  to 
date.  Perhaps  it  can.   But  in  carrying  out  the  pro- 
gram of  work  we  have  before  us,  which  the  Secretary 
of  War  described  this  morning,  we  have  laid  out  the 
work,  and  you  will  hear  tomorrow  morning  somewhat  of 
how  that  has  been  done  on  the  industrial  end,  without 
the  need  of  an  industrial  census.   We  have  it  before 
us.  We  know  what  our  immediate  program  is,  and  how 
we  are  to  execute  it  on  industry.   The  immediate  prob- 
lem on  the  man  power  question  is  the  draft  question, 
which  I  think  we  should  get  out  of  before  we  under- 
take a  universal  man  power  census  over  and  above 
the  military  census.   That  man  power  census  will 

undoubtedly,  the  draft  census  will  proceed  very 

shortly,  as  you  know  from  the  conversation  this  morning, 

A  MEMBER!   You  prefer  then  that  we  defer  cur 
efforts  until  advised  by  the  Department? 

THE  PRESIDING  OFFICER,  MR.  GIFFORD:   I  prefer  that 
for  several  reasons,  or  that  you  do  not  do  it  hastily 

ft 


■1"   I 


at  any  rate,  because  it  is  essentia]  that  we  do  it  uni- 
formly, and  the  Department  of  Agri  culture  is  somewhat 
dependent  again  on  the  bill  which  passes.  Congress  as 
to  t!he  exact  form  which  the  census  should  take;  and 
we  are  net  quite  ready  to  ask  the  States  to  take  a 
census.   There  may  be,  however,  local  reasons  why 
the  State  individually  ought  to  take  it.   We  are  by 
no  means  to  suggest  that  they  ought  not  to  take  it. 
We  will  help  as  best  we  can,  if  they  would  like  our 
help, 

MR,  DWIGHT  B.  HEARD,  OF  ARIZONA:   Mr.  Chairman,  we 
were  very  anxious  to  start  this  census  in  Arizona.   There 
We  started  it  about  ten  days  ago.   As  we  proceeded  and 
learned  more  of  what  the  Department  was  doing;  we  found 
we  could  not  get  on  our  form  the  information  we  should 
have;  so  we  suspended  that,  and  are  hoping  to  get 
this  information  as  soon  as  possible,  and  then  we  will 
go  ahead,  and  I  think  we  will  make  more  headway  if  we 
wait  a  few  days  and  get  more  .information  and  get  more 
effective  results. 

THE  PRESIDING  OFFICER,  MR.  GIFFORD:   You  under- 
stand, gentlemen,  we  are  developing  our  program  every 
day.   We  are  finding  out  from  the  English  and  French 
gentlemen  who  are  here  part  of  our  program.   It  is  a 
mistake  to  do  too  much  of  this  before  we  know  exactly 
what  we  need,  and  how  and  when  we  want  to  do  it;  but 
I  can  assure  you,  from  the  standpoint  of  the  immediate 
problems,  we  have  them  in  hand.   They. will  not  work 

perfectly,  nothing  works  perfectly,  but  it  is 

already  mapped  out,  and  it  is  not  essential  to  those 
problems  for  the  immediate  census. 

MR.  JOSEPH  HIRSCH,  OF  TEXAS:   Mr.  Chairman,  I 

n 


would  like  to  ask  Mr,  Pearson  a  question.  In  your 
opening  remarks  you  made  a  statement,  coming  from 
abroad  "it  would  require  two  years  of  bumper  crops 
to  fill  the  ribs  of  Europe."  May  I  inquire  if  you 
have  received  reports  from  all  parts  of  the  country 
indicating  about  what  percentage  of  increase  there  will 
be  this  year  in  the  acreage  of  feed  and  food  crops? 

MR.  PEKRSON:   Not  as  yet. 

MR,  HIRSCH:   Not  as  yet,   I  should  nay,  in  Texas, 
they  have  just  completed  an  inquiry,  under  the  direc- 
tion of  Mr.  Ousley  of  the  Extension  Department  of  the 
Agricultural  College,  indicating  an  increase  of  from 
twenty-five  to  forty-five  percent,  and  in  a  meeting 
before  the  Federal  Trade  Commission  held  yesterday  and 
the  day  before  indications  pointed  to  an  increase  from 
practically  all  the  States.   I  think  these  delegates 
who  are  here  and  who  were  present  at  that  meeting  will 
bear  me  out  in  that  statement.   Now,  I  understand,  Mr. 
Chairman,  that  these  delegates  and  Governors  were  en- 
deavoring to  cooperate,  that  is,  to  do  something.   We 
are  discussing  the  matter  of  food  now,  are  we  not? 

THE  PRESIDING  OFFICER,  MR.  GIFFORD:   Yes. 

MR.  HIRSCH:   And  it  has  occurred  to  me,  and  I 
have  given  this  matter  considerable  thought,  that  the 
question  of  food  increase,  production  and  conservation 
and  saving  what  has  been  wasted,  is  probably  one  of  the 
most  important  questions  before  the  American  people 
today,  and  one  which  we  probably  can  help  a  good  bit 
more  in  than  in  other  directions.   I  should  like  to  ask 
Dr.  Pearson,  or  Dr.  Galloway,  or  anyone  who  can  answer 
the  question,  has  the  Department  under  consideration 
any  such  measure  or  measures  as  have  been  adopted  by 

/60 


:  *  .- 


force  of  necessity  abroad  in  the  way  of  placing  a  ban, 
to  a  certain  extent,  on  food  consumption.   That  is  to 
say,  it  occurs  to  me,  gentlemen,  that  much  might  be 
done  by  the  American  people  and  by  these  delegates 
and  Governors,  and  through  the  force  of  public  opin- 
ion, and  a  tremendous  publicity  campaign,  much 

might  be  done  in  the  way  of  conservation  by  stopping 
the  waste  on  our  tables,  and  by  doing  something,  either 
voluntarily  or  by  enactment,  such  as  has  been  done 
abroad,  and  to  do  it  now,  and  net  wait  until  we  are 
going  to  be  forced  to  do  it,  as  every  one  of  these 

countries  has  today  to  do,  England  only  recently. 

Every  day  we  read  that  ships  are  being  destroyed  and 
that  hundreds  of  thousands  of  tons  of  food  supplies 
are  being  wasted,  and  tt  does  seem  to  me,  my  friends, 
that  something  might  be  done  in  that  direction,  and  I 
mer  ely  wish  .to  inquire  if  the  Department  has  under  con- 
sideration any  measure  of  that  kind  just  at  this  time? 

MR.  PEARSON;  Mr.  Chairman,  in  answering  that, 
I  may  say  that  experts  of  the  Department  care  studying 
with  the  greatest  care  the  regulations  which  have  been 
issued  in  the  various  European  countries,  so  that  the 
Department  may  be  fully  informed.  The  Department  has 
not  under  consideration  any  rule  or  regulation  limit- 
ing consumption  in  this  country  at  this  time.  The  De- 
partment feels  that  with  sufficient  emphasis  upon  the 
saving  of  the  waste,  which  approximates  about  thirty 

percent,  we  should  accomplish,  we  could  accomplish 

a  great  deal  in  a  short  time,  and  it  is  devoting  it- 
self more  to  that  side  of  the  question.   The  Depart- 
ment has  on  its  staff  a  number  of  food  experts,  and  an 
additional  appointment  has  been  made  only  within  the 

J£*L 


last  few  days,  so  that  the  kind  of  information  that  you 
are  referring  to  may  be  secured  from  all  directions. 

MR.  HIRSCH:   May  I  offer  a  suggestion  just  at 

this  point?   It  occurs  to  me,  Mr.  Chairman,  I  am 

quite  in  agreement  that  a  great  deal  might  be  done  by 
a  campaign  to  stop  waste,  an  agreement  such  as  iH  in- 
dicated, but  I  do  believe  that  a  tremendous  amount  of 
good  would  be  done,  if  a  national  campaign  could  be 
engaged  upon  to  stop  some  of  the  unnecessary  consump- 
tion of  food  that  we  all  engage  upon,  as  we  are 

going  to  engage  upon  in  our  "plain  two  dollar  dinner" 
this  evening.   (Laughter)   I  offer  that  in  all  serious- 
ness, because  I  feel  so  seriously  on  this  subject.   I 
do  earnestly  believe  if  a  campaign  might  be  engaged 
upon,  but  not  through  coercion,  but  a  campaign  which 
it  would  take  a  good  publicity  man  to  handle.   Has 
this  Department  any  man  engaged  on  publicity  work, 

I  mean  the  Council  of  National  Defense,  has 

it  any- one  in  charge  of  publicity? 

THE  PRESIDING  OFFICER,  MR.  CIFFORD:   I  can  answer 
that,  and  say  that  it  is  against  the  law  to  have  any 
one  in  charge  of  publicity,  but  we  are  giving  informa- 
tion to  the  public  as  much  as  we  can.   (Laughter)   The 
question  you  raise  is  a  very  serious  one.   When  Mr, 
Hoover  was  here  I  had  occasion  to  talk  at  great  length 
with  him  about  it.  He  was  here  a  while  ago.   He- will 
be  here  again  shortly.   It  is  not  through  a  desire  or 
lack  of  desire  to  act,  but  through  a  lack  cf  determina- 
tion that  that  is  the  proper  thing  to  do  at  the  particu- 
lar time,  I  believe.   The  experiences  in  Europe  on 
voluntary  elimination  of  waste  were  told  to  me  by  Mr. 

Hoover  as  quite  unsatisfactory,  and  amounting  to  very 

/o  ;z- 


"    ; 


..  .   s...  v  r. 


■ 


:    • 


;-  ■  •'  •■ 


little,  although  they  made  very  strong  attempts  to  do 
it,   That  does  not  necessarily  prove  that  it  would  not 
work  here.   The  other- side  of  it  here  is  that  any  loud 
preaching  of  the  necessity  for  economy  may  result  in 
this  precise  hoarding  which  would  cause  more  trouble 
than  the  present  situation  of  eating. 

Now,  it  is  not  a  one-sided  question,  and  I  can 
assure  you  that  I  "believe,  from  what  I  have  heard,  and 
what  the  Department  of  Agriculture  told  us,  that  the 
matter  is  being  given  very  serious  consideration,  and 
that  action  will  be  taken,  and  prompt  action,  on  that 
sort  of  a  campaign, the  minute  it  is  decided  it  is  the 
proper  thing  to  do, 

MR.  STARROW,  OF  MASSACHUSETTS:   Mr,  Chairman,  I 
would  like  to  ask  one  question:   We  have  been  informed 
that  the  products  of  our  gardens  will  be  wasted  this 
sumtoer  and  autumn  for  lack  of  cans  and  containers. 
We  are  informed  that  there  will  not  be  anything  like 
enough  to  go  around  this  year,  and  I  would  like  to  ask 
the  representatives  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture 
if  I  am  right  in  that  statement  that  there  is  any 
prospect  of  any  very  serious  shortage  of  cans  and  glass 
containers,  which  perhaps  does  not  mean  so  much  in  some 
of  the  large  prairie  States,  but  means  a  great  deal  to 
some  of  the  small  garden  States,  and  what  the  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture  has  already  done  to  provide  for 
that  situation  which  is  now  coming  upon  us  before  many 
weeks? 

THE  PRESIDING  OFFICER,  MR.  GIFFORD;  ..  Mr ,  Starrow, 
I  think  perhaps  I  can  answer  that,  in  that  the  Depart- 
ment of  Commerce  has  handled  that  matter.   Mr.  Redfield 
will  appear  before  us  tomorrow,  and  undoubtedly  will 


mention  that  fact,  but  they  have  held  several  meetings 
in  Washing-ton  for  the  manufacturers  of  cans,  also  the 
manufacturers  cf  tin  plate,  which  goes  into  cans.   We 
have  urged  upon  the  manufacturers  of  tin  plate  to  give 
preference  to  the  orders  for  cans.   The  Department  cf 
Commerce  has  gotten  many  letters,  I  believe,  urging 
upon  industries  to  put  up  their  products  in  paper 
containers,  paper  nache  containers,  this  year,  and 
every  possible  effort  is  being  made  short  of  absolute  . 
dictative  power  to  get,  where  possible,  other  contain- 
ers used  instead  of  tin  cans,  to  increase  the  tin  can 
production,  going  back  to  the  raw  material.   We  have 
held  a  number  of  conferences  on  the  matter,  and  are 
actively  working  on  it.   The  Secretary  of  Commerce 
will  undoubtedly  tell  you  in  detail  just  what  he  has 
done  on  that . 

MR,  PEARSON:   Mr,  Gifford  has  answered  that  ques- 
tion admirably,  especially  in  so  far  as  it  refers  to 
the  concerns  that  are  engaged  in  preserving  food  pro- 
ducts on  a  large  scale.   In  reference  to  the  individual 
householders,  his  answer  applies  also,   But  I  might 
add  this;   we  are  calling  attention  cf  the  household- 
ers to  the  fact  that  if  there  is  a  shortage  of  cans  and 
glass  jars  they  may  very  easily  do  what  cur  parents 
and  grandparents  did  at  the  time  cf  the  Civil  War,  and 
that  is,  use  creeks  and  seal  them  with  sealing  wax, 
and  thus  have  a  perfect  container  for  substances  that 
need  tc  be  hermetically  sealed. 

Also,  the  Department  is  making  some  special  Ex- 
periments to  extend  our  knowledge  with  reference  to 
drying.   A  great  many  articles  of  focd  may  be  pre- 


A> 


fy 


served  just  as  well  by  drying  as  by  canning.   For  ex- 
ample, corn  is  said  to  be  better  if  it  is  dried  than 
if  it  is  canned.   The  proposition  has  been  made  that 
union  plants,  both  for  preserving  hermetically  and 
for  drying,  might  be  furnished  perhaps  by  business  men. 
This  is  now  being  done  in  one  of  the  Southern  States, 
and  moved  about  from  place  to  place,  so  that  all  the 
people  could  get  the  benefit  of  a  larger  and  more  ef- 
ficient equipment  for  these  two  purposes  than  they  could 
have  in  their  own  homes, 

MR.  ST ARROW:   Mr.  Chairman,  I  would  like  to  ask 
just  one  mere  question.   I  am  Chairman  of  the  Committee 
of  Public  Safety  of  Massachusetts,  and  references  have 
been  made  to  studies,  and  for  instance,  to  this  last 
matter  just  spoken  of.   I  do  npt  think  those  are  find- 
ing their  way  up  to  us.   We  have  a  food  production  and 
conservation  committee  in  every  city  in  the  State,  and 
every  town,  except  a  few.   We  can  distribute  over  nih;ht 
any  of  this  information,  if  the  Department  of  Agricul- 
ture will  get  it  to  us.   I  am  not  sure  that  I  am  right, 

but  I  think  so  far,  we  have  been  in  existence  now 

over  two  months,  we  have  not  yet  been  honored  by 

a  communication  from  the  Department  of  Agriculture, 
There  is  some  hitch  there  that  ought  to  be  broken. 

MR.  PESRSON:   Mr.  Chairman,  the  letters  have  been 
coming  to  the  Department  literally  by  the  thousands, 
and  some  of  the  Department  people  have  been  sitting  up 
until  one  and  two  o'clock  in  the  morning  to  try  to 
answer  them.   On  my  desk  there  is  an  enormous  stack 
of  correspondence  now.   We  are  making  a  list  of  the 
organizations  such  as  you  represent,  and  it  is  the 
plan  of  the  Department  to  put  this  information  into 


the  hands  of  the  various  State  representatives  so  xl  ■ 
will  be  timely  for  use« 

MR.  STARROWj  Mr.  Chairman,  there  are  only  forty- 
eight  of  us  — ■  forty-eight  States  and  we  have  not 

troubled  ycu  with  any  letters;  but  if,  as  you  get  these 
good  things,  you  would  slip  us  a  copy,  each  one  of  the 
forty-eight  will  be  glad  to  get  it,  and  we  would  be  glad 
to  have  two  letters  a  day,  and  that  would  make  ninety, 
and  the  same  form  can  be  used  and  will  not  take  much 
time  to  address. 

THE  PRESIDING  OFFICER,  MR.  GIFFORD:   There  have 
been  thousands  of  bulletins  sent  into  Massachusetts  al- 
ready, largely  dealing  with  the  planting  of  gardens. 

MRe  STAREOW:   But  if  you  will  see  now  here  is 

something  that  is  important  this  is  a  work  of  organ- 
ization; you  may  send  it  to  me  as  a  farmer,  but  if  you 
do,  I  do  not  get  it,  because  I  am  a  practical  farmer. 

MR,  PEARSON;   Mr.  Chairman,  this  is  a  very  good 
suggestion,   le  will  make  note  of  it, 

MR.  STARROW:   But  as  Chairman  of  the  Public  Safe- 
ty Commission  it  will  reach  the  people,  and  we  have  not 
been  getting  it, 

THE  PRESIDING  OFFICER,  MR.  GIFFORD:   Mr.  Starrow, 
that  is  the  very  reason  for  this  meeting.   T/e  want  to 

simplify  this  method  of  distribution  of  information  

this  is  the  way  to  simplify  it  and  that  is  the  reas- 
on for  meeting  here, 

MP.  WAT^BB:    Mr,  Chairman,  going  back  to  the  ques- 
tion of  preserving  the  food,  I  would  like  to  ask  Dr. 
Pearson  if  the  Department  has  investigated  the  advisa- 
bility of  establishing  chc<~p  municipal  canning  establish- 
ments, these  establishments  that  cost  from  two  hundred 

/Ob 


to  four  hundred  dollars  for  an  outfit.   Is  that  feas- 
ible? And  is  it  not  possible  to  enlist  the  high-school 
girls  in  the  direction  of  the  economics  with  which  to 
do  this  work,  and  to  enlist  the  boy  scouts  under  the  di- 
rection of  the  teacher  of  agriculture,  for  illustration, 
to  gather  this  material?  Is  that  feasible?  I  am  asking 
for  information,  and  do  not  make  the  suggestion. 

MR,  PEARSOFj   I  believe,  Mr,  Chairman,  that  ise<Kr 
tirely  possible.   Work  of  that  kind  is  already  under 
way  in  one  of  the  states  I  mentioned  a  little  while  ago. 
I  simply  gave  it  to  you  as  an  idea  worthy  of  commenda- 
tion,  It  is  something  that  might  be  worked  out  with  the 
cooperation  of  business  men,  bankers,  and  others. 

MR.  WATERS:   And  is  the  Department  of  Agriculture 
making  plans  for  such  plants  and  making  a  definite  sug- 
gestion as  to  the  kind  of  organization  necessary? 

MR.  PEARSON:   The  Department  is  studying  that  ques- 
tion, and  just  how  far  they  have  succeeded,  I  think  Dr. 
Galloway  can  tell  better  than  I. 

DR,  GALLOWAY:   I  would  say,  gentlemen,  that  we 
have  a  committee  now  at  work  on  these  very  problems. 
This  committee  Js  actively  engaged  in  working  out  de- 
signs for  these  food  plants,  and  also  plans  for  small 
community  plants, 

MR.  PEARSON:   And  also  for  types  of  organization. 

DR.  GALLOWAY:   Yes. 

MR,  BENNETT:   Mr,  Chairman,  in  reply  to  that,  if 
I  may  say  that  those  canning  outfits  are  all  over  the 

South  now,  every  school-house  in  our  South  Atlantic 

States,  and  you  can  get  that  all  now,  and  if  you  can 
not,  if  you  will  take  the  address  of  Clemson  Agricultur- 
al College,  Clemson,  North  Carolina,  they  will  give  it 
to  you.   Throughout  all  our  South  Atlantic  Seaboard  we 


have  to  have  the  use  of  fertilizers.   We  have  a  high 
percentage  of  nitrates  there,  ard  we  are  having  more 
trouble  it.   stirring  up  interest  down  there,  because  it 
costs  us  sixty  old  dollars  a  ton,  and. since  our  ship- 
ping is  cut  down  so  much,  the  saltpetre  is  eliminated, 
and  cur  yield  cut  in  half.  Has  the  Department  been 
able  to  get  any  information  about  the  establishment 
of  those  plants  for  an  artificial?  or  mechanical  pro- 
duction of  nitrate? 

MR.  PEARSON:   I  will  ask  Dr.  Galloway  to  anower 
that  question. 

DR..  CAV'-0"'AY:   Mr.  Chairman,  I  think  the  Chairman 

can  give  a  more  definite  answer  about  the  nitrate  propo- 
sition  than  I  can,   I  can  answer  it,  but  I  think  the 
Chairman  can  better  answer  it. 

THE  PRESIDING  OFFICER,  MR.  GIFFORD:   I  do  not  know 
that  I  can  answer  it.   However,  I  hate  to  "pass  the 
buck",  so  to  speak t   (Laughter)   But  the  nitrate  ques- 
tion —  we  have  had  a  committee  investigating  that  ques- 
tion that  have  been  studying  the  nitrate  problem.   We 
have  it  up  with  the  railroads  to  transport  that  neces- 
sary material,  such  as  fertiliser,  in  preference  to 
other  materials,  and  there  are  some  difficulties  in 
the  matter  which  are  somewhat  insurmountable,  but  I  be- 
lieve we  are  doing  all  we  can  do  now.   Perhaps  Dr.  Gallo- 
way has  something  more  definite  than  that. 

DR.  CALLOTJAY:   I  think  you  have  been  about  as  defi- 
nite as  anybody  can  I   (Laughter) 

THE  PRESIDING  OFFICER,  MR.  GIFFORD:   You  must  remem- 
ber we  are  short  of  ships,  that  we  are  dependent  on  Chili 
for  nitrates,  and  we  need  them  for  powder,  and  that  is  a 
fact,  and  not  a  theory  that  confronts  us. 

/&3 


MR.  BENNETT;   Also,  our  supply  of  cotton  depends 
on  nitrates, 

THE  PRESIDING  OFFICER,  MR.  G1FF0RD:  I  feel  certain 
that  is  not  overlooked,  but  I  will  speak  to  the  committee 
about  it , 

MR.  ALEXANDER  J,  GR0ES3ECK  OF  MICHIGAN:    Mr.  Chair- 
man, I  am  sure  all  the  representatives  of  the  different 
States  have  been  very  much  interested  today,  and  I  have 
listened  with  interest  to  what  has  been  said  in  the  meet- 
ing held  this  morning,  and  to  what  has  been  said  here 
this  afternoon,  and  it  has  occurred  to  my  mind  that  it 
would  be  a  good  idea,  if  these  representatives  form  them- 
selves into  a  permanent  organization,  and  then  consult 
together  and  formulate  it«   We  could  take  up  the  different 
Questions  that  they  would  like  to  be  enlightened  upon 
through  the  National  Government,   I  think  we  would  expedite 
our  discussions  and  our  meetings,  and  would  give  us  the 
information  that  we  all  desire  a  gieat  deal  more  quickly 
than  we  can  get.  it  in  this  way,  and  also  limit  discussions, 
to  some  extent,  and  with  your  permission,  I  would  like 
to  move  that  a  committee  of  some  of  the  representatives 
here  be  appointed  for  the  purpose  of  drafting  a  plan  of 
permanent  organization, 

MR.  GEORGE  WHARTON  PEPPER,  OF  PENNSYLVANIA:   Mr. 
Chairman,  I  hope  that  nc  immediate  action  will  be  taken 
on  the  resolution  that  has  just  been  proposed.   I  do  not 
know  whether  it  is  in  order,  but  if  it  is,  it  seems  to  me 
to  be  one  that  calls  for  a  great  deal  of  reflection.   My 
observation  is  that  we  are  suffering  from  over- organiza- 
tion in  this  whole  subject  of  the  national  defense,  and 
I  view  with  dismay  the  proposal  to  interject  between  the 


/'7 


State  committees  of  public  safety  and  you?:  organization 
another  advisory  committee,   I  happen  to  be  Chairman  of 
the  Committee  of  Public  Safety  In  the  Commonwealth  of 
Pennsylvania,  and  have  an  executive  commit tea  of  thirteen 
men,  to  whom  the  directors  of  fourteen  departments  of 
activity  report*   We  have  eighty-seven  committees  through- 
out the  Commonwealth,  reporting  to  our  executive  commit- 
tee with  a  total  local  membership  of  between  fifteen  and 
twenty  thousand  men  acting  under  the  Governor's  appoin- 
tees,,  Every  problem  that  we  are  facing  is  a  problem 
which,  in  the  last  analysis,  must  be  solved  by  the  official 
utterance  of  the  secretary  of  one  of  the  Departments  of 
government.   It  is  either  a  question  which  nobody  can 
settle  but  the  War  Department,  or  its  a  question  which  no- 
body can  settle  but  the  Navy  Department  or  the  Department 
of  Agriculture,  or  as  the  case  may  be„   We  are  in  the  posi- 
tion of  not  being  able  intelligently  to  direct  our  activi- 
ties because  those  problems  have  not  yet  been  solved..   It 
is  not  a  question  of  organizing  more  State  councils  or 
coordinating  State  activities  by  State  Federal  Councils, 
and  putting  those  same  questions  to  the  same  people  who 
have  not  yet  found  the  answers  to  them.   The  real  problem 
is  to  get  the  answers.   We  have  got  the  organizations  to 
give  effect  to  the  answers  just  as  soon  as  the  answers 
are  given.   For  instance*  here  is  this  question  of  an  in- 
dustrial survey.  No  amount  of  additional  organization  is 
going  to  answer  the  question  whether  the  State  should  or 
should  not  engage  in  an  industrial  survey.   We  are  told 
when  the  question  comes  up  the  States  are  not  going  to  be 
discouraged  from  suoh  an  activity,  but  they  are  not  to  be 
encouraged  to  undertake  it.   Now,  there  must  be  a  right 
and  a  wrong  way  to  deal  with  the  question  of  an  industrial 

I/O 


survey.  No  amount  of  organisation  that  we  effect  is  going 
to  carry  us  a  step  further  towards  the  ascertainment  of 
which  is  the  right  way  and  which  is  the  wrong  way.  That's 
a  question,  the  responsibility  for  which  has  got  to  be 
assumed  by  the  Council  of  National  Defense.   Sooner  or 
later  we  will  hear  from  them,  I  hope.   In  the  meantime, 
do  let's  recognize  that  that  and  a  dosen  other  similar 
important  questions  which  x  can  name,  it  is  not  neces- 
sary for  me  to  name  them,  because  they  are  in  the  minds 

of  all  of  us- have  yet  to  be  determined,,  Do  let  us 

recognize  that  fact.   And  all  these  questions  are  question 
which  have  to  be  answered  by  the  Federal  Government.  Soone: 
or  later  they  will  have  to  say  to  the  State  committees, 
We  want  you  to  do  this  or  do  that,  and  so  on;  or  keep 
hands  off,  Whan  they  say  keep  hands  off,  I  believe  that 
we  are  going  to  be  loyal  enough  to  keep  hands  off,  even  if 
we  think  their  decision  is  wrong.   If  they  say  to  us  go 
ahead,  and  later  furnish  us  with  the  plans  and  specifica- 
tions of  what  they  want,  I  believe  that  no  request  that 
you  make  of  us  is  going  to  be  too  great c  No  matter  what 
comes  in  the  State  of  Pennsylvania  in  the  way  of  a  request 
from  the  Council  of  National  Defense,  I  believe  that  there 
is  going  to  be  a  response  to  it 0  But  do  not  let  us  delude 
ourselves  into  supposing  that  the  real  difficulty  in  the 
situation  is  the  lack  of  an  additional  committee,  The  res, 
problem  is  the  one  that  I  have  stated,   It  is  the  intelli- 
gent and  final  solution  of  great  problems  of  national  de- 
fense, the  solution  of  which  can  be  reached  only  by  the 
great  Executive  Departments  of  the  Federal  Government.  We 
are  waiting  eagerly  and  anxiously  for  those  problems  to  be 
solved,   I  hope  they  will  be  solved  soon,  because  unwise 


/// 


I 
•     <         ■ . 


activities  are  easy  tc  indulge  in.   It  is  not  always 
possible  to  prevent  people  from  indulging  in  unwise  acti- 
vities, \fthile  they  are  waiting  for  the  wise  ones  to  be 
enacted, 

We  are  desirous  of  cooperating  in  every  way,  but  we 
want  direction  from  the  government;  and  let  me  say  before 
I  sit  down,  sir,  that  I  was  delighted  to  hear  you  say,  Mre 
Chairman,,  in  answer  to  a  question  of  the  Chairman  of  the 
Committee  of  Safety  of  Massachusetts,  Mr,  Storrow,  that 
tomorrow  you  are  going  to  present  to  us  the  thoughts  of 
the  Council  on  the  relation  which  was  to  be  sustained  by 
these  State  committees  of  safety  to  your  organization; 
because,  sir,  you  realize,  of  course,  that,  interesting  as 
this  day  is,  educational  and  informing  as  it  is  to  me 
and  to  my  associates  in  this  room,  that  after  you  have  edu- 
cated me  you  have  not  accomplished  anything  in  the  way  of 
helping  on  the  cause  of  national  defense.   I  am  here  simp- 
ly as  the  representative  of  a  great  state  organization 
which  has  got  to  work  out  all  the  problems  for  itself., 
which  you  leave  to  us  to  work  out  and  tell  us  you  want  us 
to  30lve. 

The  real  problem  is  a  problem  of  relation  between  eac 
State  committee  and  your  organization,  and  not  a  problem 
of  putting  another  committee  between  us  and  you;  and  I  ve; 
much  hope  that  no  additional  machinery  will  be  created, 
but  that  we  shall  have  the  pleasure  of  hearing  from  you  tc 
morrow,  sir,  something  like  a  constructive  suggestion  res- 
pecting the  relations  that  you  would  like  to  see  establish 
between  each  committee  of  public  safety  and  the  Council  of 
National  Defense.   (Applause) 

THE  PRESIDING  OFFICER,  MR,  GIFFORD:    I  should  like, 
I  may  say  a  word  in  answer,  in  emphasizing  what  Mr,  Peppei 


has  said,  I  should  like  at  any  rate  to  defer  any  motions 
of  this  sort  until  tomorrow  afternoon,  when  I  think  we 
will  have  a.t  least  an  hour  or  possibly  more  for  discussion 
as  we  are  having  hare,  if  that  is  agreeable. 

MR,  GROESBECKi   Mr,  Chairman,  J  think  the  gentleman 
misconceives  my  idea  in  having  made  this  motion,   I  am 
perfectly  willing  that  it  should  be  deferred,  and  we  can 
discuss  it  then,  The  idea  is  not  to  inject  another  commit- 
tee or  commission  or  body  between  the  States  and  the  Federal 
Government*   That  is  not  the  idea,  the  idea  is  to  see 
whether  or  not  there  is  not  a  common  ground  where  the  re- 
presentatives of  the  States  may  desire  certain  information; 
so  I  will  defer  it  until  tomorrow,  and  we  will  discuss  it 
then* 


/A5 


wi~l~T~deNPer  it  urrtri-^-t^KOLcr o ^  °r"J1  we  w>'n  rii.a^ 

THE  PRESIDING  OFFICER,  MR.  C-IFFORD:   Lot  me  say  there 
Beeas  to  be  a  fueling  on  the  part  of  a  number  of  speakers 
that  they  have  nc  definite  information  as  to  what  the  Fed- 
eral Government  wants.  Can  I  say  that  one  of  the  reasons 
for  calling  this  meeting  was  to  provide  the  channel  for 
giving  the  various  States  the  definite  information  as  to 
what  the  Federal  Government  wants  given  to  the  States. 
In  many  instances  this  definite  information  will  be  known. 
It  must  be  solved.   The  problem  will  be  stated,  but  the 
problem  must  be  solved  definitely  in  different  States. 
That  is  the  duty  of  the  State  counoil  of  defense.   A  la- 
bor problem  may  well  be  a  different  problem  in  the  South 
from  what  it  is  in  the  far  North.   A  problem  of  agricul- 
ture may  well  be  a  different  problem  in  regard  to  wheat 
than  it  is  in  regard  to  market  produce.   And  it  is  my 
feeling  that  in  many  of  the  problems  which  the  Federal 
Government  will  put  up  to  the  State  council  will  be 
general  problems  in  character,  things  that  must  be  accom- 
plished, leaving;  it  to  the  State  in   some  cases  entirely 
as  to  the  way  to  work  out  the  problem;  in  other  cases 
suggesting  to  the  State  the  way  to  handle  it;  and  in 
other  cases  defining  in  detail  the  way  the  Federal  Govern- 
ment thinks  it  should  be  handled.   And  I  confidently  be- 
lieve ycu  will  receive  more  of  this  information  than  you 
expect  in  the  very  near  future. 

Hun.  "E::.met  D.  Boyle,  Governor  of  the  State  of  Nevada: 
I  wish  to  add  something  to  what  has  been  said.-  I  would 
not  wish  to  be  understood  as  proposing  any  advice  tc  ex- 
pedite business,  but  with  your  permission  the  delibera- 
tions of  this  character  are  not  new  to  many  of  the  dele- 
gates here.   They  are  deliberations  that  are  very  apt  to 

develop  an  exceedingly  aerial  character,  if  not  held  down 

/JLL 


to  earth  in  some  way  or  other.   We  are  here  to  learn  and 
take  instructions  from  the  National  Government,  and  to 
carry  them  out  as  well  as  we  know  how.   There  is  no  de- 
sire on  the  part  of  any  State  representative  here,  as  I 
see  it.  to  dictate,  to  usurp  authority,  or  in  any  way 
invade  the  premises  which  are  now  occupied  by  the  Coun- 
cil of  National  Defense  in  outlining  the  program  which 
must  be  followed,   However,  I  come  from  a  state  almost 
as  far  away  from  Washington  as  the  battle  front  in  Eu- 
rope are. There  we  know  nothing  other  than  received  in 
the  form  of  communications  from  the  different  departments, 
and  I  desire  to  say  that  those  communications  have  reach- 
ed me  and  have  been  given  to  all  the  people,  and  they  have 
been  concrete  and  illuminating.   We  have  no  complaints 
of  that  sort  to  make,  but  I  did  feel  when  we  came  here, 
that  our  problem,  being  somewhat  different  from  the 
problem  of  Massachusetts,  Mr.  Storrow's  State  -  or  any 
other  state  in  the  Union,  that  we  might,  by  the  respect- 
ful presentation  of  the  facts  underlying  certain  problems 
and  certain  isolated  cases,  bring  about  discussion  of 
methods  that  would  unite  the  Federal  and  State  agencies, 
and  would  produce  results  which  might  not  be  obtainable 
by  any  other  method  than  one  which  would  grow  out  of  the 
natural  oral  discussion.   It  was  with  that  in  mind  that 
Mr.  Groesbeck,  with  whom  I  have  discussed  this  matter, 
suggested  the  handling  of  a  great  deal  of  this  detail 
through  committees  of  this  organization.   I  am  quite 
sure  that  committees  can  decide  and  present  the  ques- 
tions in  a  very  much  more  compact   and  a  very  much  more 
business-like  way  than  they  can  be  presented  by  the  mem- 
bers speaking  from  the  floor.   We  all  know,  —  everyone 
of  us  knows  -  that  business  that  is  going  to  produce 
tangible  results  ce.n  hardly  be  conducted  by  an  organi- 


zation  of  this  aharacter  in  the  manner  in  which  we  are 

attempting  to  conduct  it  today,   We  are  not  getting  the 
information  notwithstanding  the  faot  that  you  gentlemen 
are  here  to  instruct  us  in  the  things  we  want  to  do. 
Neither  are  you  finding  out  from  us  information  which 
you  would  not  despise,  as  to  the  facilities  at  our  dis- 
posal that  you  want,  and  I  "believe  that  we  can  by  reor- 
ganisation somewhat  provide  ways  and  means  for  doing  that 
thing  which  we  all  came  here  to  do  together,  and  the  do- 
ing of  that  thing  in  a  much  better  way  than  we  can  do  it 
if  we  attempt  to  proceed  in  the  more  or  less  ragged  way 
in  viihich  this  conference  has  proceeded  so  far. 

HON.  ERNEST  LISTER,  GOVERNOR  OF  THE  STATE  OF  WASHING- 
TON:  Mr.  Chairman,  the  discussions  this  afternoon  indi- 
cate very  clearly  that  the  States  represented  are  work- 
ing valiantly  to  assist  in  the  solving  of  the  problems 
Wo  have.   I  come  from  a  state  in  the  far  West  where  we 
have  many  problems  much  the  same  as  these  of  the  States 
of  the  far  East.   We  have  the  seaboard  commission.   We 
also  have  cur  agricultural  problems,   I  believe  that 
every  state  in  the  Union  has  put  forth  every  effort  pos- 
sible to  do  its  part  in  this  great  crisis.   To  me  it 
seems  that  the  country  is  facing  the  greatest  crisis  in 
its  history,  for  in  the  past,  when  we  have  had  conditions 
that  in  a  way  to  me  seemed  similar  to  this,  we  had  a 
much  smaller  population.  We  have  the  problem  before  us, 
not  only  of  oaring  for  our  own  people  now,  but  also  assist- 
ing in  caring  for  the  people  of  our  allies  in  this  present 
world  conflict.   We  started  in  the  Ste.te  of  Washington 
the  first  of  the  present  month  just  past  the  handling  of 
the  food  production  problem.   Like  many  of  the  States  in 
the  oentral  West  and  the  far  West  the  weather  conditions 
have  not  been  the  best  for  the  production  of  the  greatest 


crops.      Nineteen  fifteen    .-as   our  great   wl  3at   year.      In 
"'."..  ueed  something  over  fifty  million  bush- 

ela  of    >%.    a  I    last   year approximately  forty  million 

bushels and  this  year  the   crop  prod-action  will  be  loss 

great   effort    Is  put   forth   in  our  State  to 
plant    kc:  rint   "'  -    b,      Wb    are   endeavoring  to    ret    the 

very  best  possible   i       fte   in  that   direction,      We  have   our 
agricultural  problems   in  the  direct   char  re  of  our  State 
Commissioner  of  ulture,    and  associate!  with  hir  is 

advisory  board  consist inr   of   many   of  those  who   are   con- 
nected arith  our  agricultural  college,    some  of  them  being 
jointly  officials  of  the   Federal  Government,    of  the   State 
Governinent ,    and  business  men  of   the   different   communities, 

_re  trying  in  a  small  way  tc  a.ssist  by  doing  our  part 
in  the  building  o^  chips.  More  ships  are  being  built  in 
the    State    if   Ws  -hington,    end  will  be   completed  thin  year, 

n  have  been  built    in  the   State   of   Washington  in  the  past 
twenty  years. 

I  come  to  the  City  of  Washington  as  the   representa- 
tive  of   the   State   of  Washington  for  the  purpose   of  getting 
first-hand    inf  crrrntion  that   would   assist    our  State   and 
its  people   in  rendering  the   greatest  possible   service  to 
the   country.      I   am  sure  that   every  other   representative 
who   is  here  from  the   other   States   of  the  Union  have   that 
same  purpose. 

We  must    in  this  crisis  have   a  leader.      The  people 
of   our  State   are   ready  to    say  that   the    'leader   in  this 
crisis   is  the  President   of  the   United  States.      (Applause) 
And   even  though   in  some   respects  they  may  not   agree  with 
him  upon  the   line  pursued,    yet   they  recognize   the   fact 
that    if  we   are   going  to  bring  to   a   successful  conclusion 
the   present   wax  we  must   recognise   leadership.      That    is 
equally  true    in  all   of  the   problems  that   are  presented. 

"7 


In  matters  in  connection  with  the  War  Department,  we  are 
ready  to  recognize  the  Secretary  of  War  as  our  leader  in 
that  direction  and  in  agricultural  lines  the  same  way. 
And  I  am  here  simply  for  the  purpose  of  getting  informa- 
tion tha-u  will  enable  me  to  return  tc  the  State  of  Wash- 
ington aad  tell  the  people  there  just  exactly  what  the 
Federal  Government  desires  that  we  shall  do.   I  am  sure 
that  there  will  be  a  hearty  and  a  prompt  response,  and  if 
it  were  possible,  while  we  are  in  session  here,  to  have 
outlined  what  the  views  of  the  Federal  Government  are  in 
connection  with  these  problems  in  a  clear  and  concise  man- 
ner, so  that  we  could  go  back  to  our  states  and  say  that 
this  is  the  line  of  action  the  Federal  Government  desires 
to  have  followed,  forty-eight  states  of  the  Union  would 
follow  that  line  of  act ion» 

Now  the  distance  that  many  here  traveled  is  not  as 
great  as  that  of  myself,  or  the  distinguished  Governor 
from  Nevada,  but  our  interests  are  identical.   We  are  all 
here  for  the  same  purpose,  and  I  hope  to-morrow  it -will  be 
possible,  while  we  are  in  session  here,  to  have  presented 
to  us  by  the  Federal  Government  direction  requests  for 
action  along  certain  lines,  and  we  will  then  return  to  our 
States,  -  those  represented  by  their  chief  executives. 
The  chief  executives  in  those  cases  will  present  those  re- 
quests to  the  states,  and  get  the  response,  and  where 
represented  by  someone  delegated  to  represent  the  States 
the  same  action  will  be  forthcoming.  Unless  we  can  present 
to  our  people  definite  information  as  to  the  lines  we  must 
follow,  we  are  going  to  find  that  we  cannot  get  the  results 
needed. 

We  have  a  food  problem  which  I  believe  is  not  fully 


//g 


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.,-  •  ■    •-,-     ...,>■.  .. r  ,. ,  „r.     .-  , 

.  •  •     -       ;■   •      ;    •- .  •-   ■  :■  ■;    tc]    v.\.-  ,:  ;'.#J  1 

;.-'■•-.  -'    ;. '      -'J  -,:■'.'     .  '      '■'•■".     : 

;■       --■  ,    .,  :     -  ;  ;  ■  ••••    ^-:-- .  ■■.,+     fcjfcte 

..      .  .,    ,.-  :  ,    -    .      •      ...  ..'.i      -.  -.      >  .      ■-•  -;■-•' 


:.i  ■■:•>-       -       '"i 


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.  .    .   . 


- 


recognised  by  the  great  mass  of  the  people  of  the  United 
States,  V.'e  have  a  steadily  increasing  demand  for  food 
produclo,  EJid  just  as  steadily  a  decreasing  supply..   I 
believe  in  oar  stats  we  will  be  able  materially  to  add 
to  the  prospective  thirty  millions  of  bushels  of  wheat 
by  planting  during  the  next  three  or  four  weeks  many  acres 
of  land,  that  oi'dinajcily  would  be  left  unused  during  the 
Spring  of  tin 8  year,  in  Spring  wheat „  We  would  al30  get 
in  many  acres  of  potatoes  that  would  not  otherwise  be 
planted  were  it  not  for  the  fact  that  the  demand  is  now 
being  madef 

Our  organisation  reaches  down  to  school  districts 
units.   In  bows  sV-^.es  other  lines  have  been  followed, 
bringing  about  the  same  general  pliin  of  organisation.   Now, 
those  different  organizations,  reaching  down  in  the  State 
.of  Washington  to   School  District  units,  will,  I  am  sure, 
do  their  part  .   Bat  we  are  here  for  the  purpose  of  getting 
direct  information  as  to  what  is  required  of  our  States, 
and  if  that  can  be  given  to  U3  to-morrow,  I  am  sure  that 
we  will  be  able  to  go  back  to  those  states  with  a  report 
that  will  add  tc  the  enthusiasm  of  our  people,  and  also 
bring  better  results. 

It  was  well  said  by  one  of  the  speakers  here  a  few 
moments  ago  that  just  the  discucsitn  of  these  questions  at 
this  meeting  will  not  bring  forth  the  results.   We  are  much 
in  the  same  condition  from  the  meeting  standpoint,   That  is 
the  relative  value  of  a  street  parade  to  show  our  patriot- 
ism at  the  present  time.   The  street  parade  in  itself  is 
of  no  value.   It's  only  value  is  in  the  installing  of  a 
clear  responsibility,  if  you  please,  of  duty  on  the  part  of 
individual  citizens.  There  is  an  individual  —  a  personal 
responsibility  —  on  the  shoulders  of  every  citizen  of  the 


"I 


United  States  to-day,  and  we  must  place  in  the  hands  9f 
each  of  our  citizens  some  task  in  connection  with  the 
present  war  problem,  and  I  hope  to-morrow,  before  we  shall  • 
have  adjourned,  we  shall  have  before  us  the  direot  re- 
quests for  work  along  fixed  lines,  so  that  the  States  can 
respond  to  the  call  of  the  Federal  Government*  (Applause)* 

THE  PRESIDING  OFFICER,  MR.  GIFFORD:   Governor,  may 
I  simply  say  that  I  had  hoped  that  you  were  getting  some 
of  that  to-day*  The  Secretary  of  War  called  attention  to 
the  need  of  the  State  Councils  of  Defense  handling  the 
sentiment  and  the  patriotism  in  their  states,  and  keeping 
it  alive  and  awake.  He  called  attention  to  the  i*eed  of 
aid  by  the  State  Councils  of  Defense  in  the  matter  of  re- 
cruiting for  the  National  Guard  and  the  regular  army. 
He  called  attention  to  the  need  in  the  several  States  and 
the  State  Councils  of  assistance  in  the  draft  and  the 
enrollment  of  the  men  between  certain  ages,  whioh  will  take 
place  shortly  as  soon  as  Congress  passes  the  bill.  He 
called  attention  to  the  need  in  the  several  states  of 
assistance  in  the  planning  for  exemptions,  on  account  of 
dependents,  or  industry,  or  agriculture,  from  the  draft 
after  it  is  made. 

The  Secretary  of  the  Navy  called  attention  to  the  need 
of  help  shortly  in  the  recruiting  of  150,000  men  for  the 
Navy. 

Adjutant  General  McCain  called  for  the  need  of  getting 
man  to  go  the  officers  camps  to  become  offioers. 

We  have  heard  this  afternoon  from  the  Secretary  of 
Labor,  who  called  attention  to  the  need  of  maintaining 
standards  —  present  standards.  There  is  work  to  be  done 
if  we  are  to  maintain  present  standards.  That  is  the  policy 


/ZC 


■"••■"  .  leant 

'■  ■ 

■ 

■ 

■ 


'    ■ 

-. 


■ 


' 


of  the  Council  of  national  Defense  to  maintain  present 
standards  of  labor  and  of  living,  if  possible,  until  the 
Council  of  National  Defense  and  the  Federal  authorities 
decide  that  those  standards  should  be  changed,'  He  called 
attention  to  the  need  of  the  States  assisting  in  getting  • 
the  workers  who  have  broken  time  onto  the  farms,  to  use 
that  broken  time,  as  he   used  the  phrase,  the  vacation 
time;  also  the  need  of  mobilization  or  getting  the  idle 
workers  engaged  at  work  on  the  farm;  also  to  the  need  of 
using  boys  on  the  farms. 

All  of  this  will  have  to  be  done  by  your  local  State 
Councils  of  Defense  in  conference  with  such  labor  repre- 
sentatives of  the  Federal  Government  as  are  there,  or  with 
the  representatives  here,  He  called  attention  to  the 
desirability  of  planning  holidays  from  which  the  men,  women 
and  children  could  go  out  and  gather  the  crops  if  it  was 
necessary  later.  The  'Secretary  of  War  —  I  skipped  a  point 
—  called, attention  to  the  need  of  making  a  great  festival 
day  of  the  day  of  registration*  Attention  was  called  to 
the  need  of  planning  a- clearing-house  by  which  the  worker 
may  be  brought  in  touch  with  his  job,  and  vice  versa, 

Professor  Pearson  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture  has 
given  you  some  .illustrations  of  the  way  in  which  the 
States  can  assist  the  Department  of  Agriculture,   Their 
plans  are  .somewhat  held  up  awaiting  the  passage  of  a  bill, 
as  it  was  explained  to  you,  or  the  bill  which  they  had  pro- 
posed to  Congress,. 

Now,  I  do  not  know  what  is  definite  if  those  items  are 
not  definite,   I  do  net  know  that,  you  understand  that  you 
want  us  to  tell  you  just  what  foot  you  are  to  start  with 
on  this  work.   But  this  is  the  problem,  and  this  is  what 
we  want  the  States  to  do;  and  then  your  State  Councils  will 


' 


": 


'    •:. 


work  out  the  problem  and  accomplish  the  task. 

Now,  if  I  misunderstand  that,  I  would  like  to  hear 
from  some  of  the  gentlemen  present. 

HON.  CHAP.LES  CURTIS,  UNITED  STATES  SENATOR  FROM 
KANSAS:   Mr,  Chairman,  I  just  wanted  to  say  that  we  are 
called  here  to  meet  with  the  Council  of  National  Defense* 
They  have  a  program  outlined  that  is  full  and  up  to  the 
present  time  it  has  certainly  been  a  splendid  program, 
and  I  think  that  we  lose  time  only  when  we  digress  from 
this  program,  and  I  think  if  the  Chairman  would  keep  us 
to  the  subject  a  little  more,  -  and  it  has  certainly  been 
proven  that  he  has  one  good  thing  after  another  to  follow, 
and  if  he  would  call  us  down  when  we  get  out  of  order, 
and  make  us  speak  to  his  program,  and  then  take  a  day  to 
talk  it  over  afterwards,  we  can  do  that,  and  I  believe  we 
will  make  headway.   (Prolonged  applause) » 

THE  PRESIDING  OFFICER,  MR,  GIFFORD:   The  Chairman 
stands  rebuked  J   (Laughter), 

HON.  W.  L.  HARDING,  UNITED  STATES  SENATOR  FROM  IOIA: 
Mr,  Chairman,  I  am  in  hearty  sympathy  with  the  remarks 
of  the  Governor  from  Washington.  We  in  our  State  did  take 
up  the  question  of  increasing  crop  production.  We  are  or- 
ganized down  to  the  township.  We  have  taken  up  the  ques- 
tion of  labor.  We  are  organized  in  the  counties  and  in  th 
towns.  We  are  making  and  have  made  in  many  localities 
surveys  of  the  help  needed  on  the  farm,  and  have  arranged 
to  fill  that  need.  Our  people  are  awake  and  are  anxious 
to  know  from  the  Federal  Government  as  to  the  things  which 
they  are  expected  to  do.   I  think  through  the  Central  West 
there  is  no  question  but  that  all  of  the  people  are  awake 
to  the  problem  of  the  food  shortage,  and  all  of  that. 


I 


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.»      '"  •  _.".;".'....•  '  :U    i        j  ;^  '5  vri.T    Ji:  •   '••;':•";  c  }  oyr:-.'»  £•-;».£  I*" 

I 
t"  '.-■'.'■•    *■      '  ■•■■'•*-.  ':■■■    :■■;.:    ,:'i*d~  >•-        *n.o  s.s.i   f-d  « "'?  s^;- 


:  i;-'):  .-3C"  f©jA53B  SK?ATa  tt?Tr»u  ,i«iQfTr^  ..i  ..v  .-"•; 

'■■••'-  ;     '■:  -;      •    :"    Ti  •;  ri-2    ■:'       -  =:;f..       '  '  -     mo-;.;    'i.af.ievofl   :?;'••    x? 

'•;   '•►     ■•-' -•.'      ■■  :::'-ixrr-    ■. ■-.:   ;■[    ^.-\r(..\x--   ■".:-.    "■  :      ►'»  x'«'.X   ">"   Art.' 

■ 
- 


\ 

Nor/,  we  have  done  all  the  pre]  iminary  work  that  can 

be  done,  unless  something  dsfinite  further  can  be  offered 

to  us,   There  are  many  problems  in  connection  with  the 

s 
matter  of  raising  the  army  and  equipping  it,  and  subjects 

of  that'  kind,  that  I  am  sure  every  chief  executive  in  the 
country' would  like  to  know,   I  receive  many  letters  every 
day  making  inquiries,   We  have  thousands  of  men  who  are 
anxious  to  get  into  the  service.   Cur  National  Guard  is 
full,   A  good  many  of  them  do  not  want  to  go  into  the  regu- 
lar arcye   They  prefer  to  go  either  into  the  National  Guard 
or  under  conscription,  and  I  think  it  is  along  that  line 
that  most  of  the  men  who  are  here  arc  anxious  for  informa- 
tion and  for  instructions, 

THE  PRESIDING  OFFICER,  MR,  GIFFORD:   Senator,  you 
will  hear  to-morrow  from  several  members  of  the  Advisory 
Commission  of  tbe  Council  of  National  Defense,  who  have 
had  up  the  question  of  equipping,  and  I  think  you  will  be 
somewhat  enlightened  on  some  of  the  points  that  you  asked 
for. 

SENATOR  HARDING:   And  I  think  I  voice  the  sentiment 
of  many  of  these  others  who  have  these  real  problems  to 
meet  every  day,  and  have  not  yet  been  able  to  get  the 
answer,  and  a  good  many  times  we  have  to  put  them  off,  and 
with  a  State  ready,  willing  and  anxious  to  act,  organisa- 
tions ready  to  enlist  in  many  communities.   It  is  not  a 
question  of  enthusing  our  people.   We  did  all  that,  and 
some  of  it  too  early,  because  we  have  it  on  hands  now,  and 
have  to  keep  it  alive  I   (Laughter)  We  have  had  the  parades 
and  the  street  meetings.   Practically  every  city  and  vil- 
lage in  Iowa  held  a  patriotic  meeting,  and  they  got  all  that 
enthusiasm  stirred  up,  and  now  they  want  to  do  something, 
and  we  are  getting  as  many  of  them  as  possible  out  on  the 

/2$ 


farms*,  but  when  that  is  clone,  we  need  to  work  out  these 
problems  in  the  ether  way. 

THE  PRESIDIKG  OFFICER,  MR,  GIFFORD:   Gentlemen,  the 
Chuir  has  digressed  from  the  prograu  because  the  program 
was  finished  a  half  hour  ago!   Shall  we  adjourn? 

(Whereupoi  the  Wednesday  afternoon  session  of  the 
National  Defer se  Conference  was  adjourned). 


/* 


4 


THURSDAY  HORNING  SESSION. 
May  3,  1917. 

The  conferenee  was  called  to  order  at  9:40  o'clock, 
Mr.  Walter  S.  Gifford,  Director  of  the  Council,  presiding. 

THS  CHAJ.2MAU,  We  have  a  long  and  busy  program  ahead. 
We  are  a  little  late  in  starting,  but  you  are  a  little  late 
coming. 

The  first  one  on  the  program  today  is  Mr.  Willard, 
Chairman  of  the  Council  of  National  Def  ense,  who  will  tell 
you-something  about  the  work  of  his  particular  committee  of 
that  Commission,  and  also. about  the  p  rogram  of. the  entire 
advisory  commission.   llr.  Willard.    (Applause.) 

STATEMENT  OF  DANIEL'  WILLARD, 
CHAIRMAN  OF  THE  ADVISORY  COMMITTEE 
OF  THE 
COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 
MR,  WILLARD.  Mr.  Chairman.,  and  Gentlemen,  I  want  to 
ap  ologiae  for  the  fact  that  I  have  not  had  time  to  prepare 
as  I  should  like  to  have  done  for  such  a  delegation  as  this, 
but  I  have  been  so  very  busy  in  the  past  few  days,  day  and 
night,  since  this  conference  was  arranged  for,  that  I  have 
not  had  time  to  prepare  as  I  had  hoped  I  might  do.   But  I 
fancy,  after  all,  that  you  are  not  here  to  listen  to  address-- 
es^  You  want  to  learn  what  we  are  doing,  and  possibly  what  ;- 
can  do  to  be  of  help  in  this  great  emergency,  and  I  shall  trr 
to  tell  you  as  briefly  as  I  can,  something  about  the  activit: 
of  the  Advisory  Commission  as  a  whole,  and  of  the  particular 
sub-committee  of  the  Advisory  Commission,  of  which  I  am  also 
Chairman, 

The  Advisory  Commission,  as  you  probably  know,  \vas  px 
vided  for  by  law,  and  in  connection  with  the  establishment  ol 
the  National  Council  of  Defense.   Possibly  you  may  not  fully 


-  •  ■       "  ir'K  *-..-  ~    ■  ■      * 

.:.* ..-■  '   *  .  ...     - 

'■     ■ ';  -  '-'  '    T;.  .  .'.  .  _  ;  v.  ;  - .~. 

,,  ■         ■•«... 
■  ■■•  /  »■  »  - .  .  »  .  '  ■     ..  * ■  •..  . 


. .-  .  *-  .  . 


\  '.  ;'  ■      I  .-,;sV- 


:■.-    '  ■.'.     .  ,  .  .  . 

•         ;  •     •    ■  •      '      ■-         ■-    -      .      ^...-      ■      


.*•    :;.     v.\ 


.     .      ; 


realize  just  what  powers,  or  rather  lack  of  powers,  the 
Advisory  Commission  has.   The  law  states  specifically 
that  the  Advisory  Commission  shall  he  established  for  the 
purpose  of  advising  only  the  Council  of  national  Defense. 
The  Advisory  Commission,  of  which  I  am  chairman,  has  ab- 
solutely no  power  under  the  law  at  all,  but  vie   have  been 
called  in  council  frequently  to  advise  and  assist  the 
Council  of  Defense,  and  they  have  referred  many  matters 
to  us  to  be  worked  out,  and  we  have  endeavored  to  be  of 
assistance  to  them,  and  we  hope  to  some  extent  we  have 
been. 

The  theory  of  the  organization  of  the  Advisory  Com- 
mission is  this,  that  we  will  draw  together,  draw  to  the 
Commission,  to  assist  it,  the  best  men  to  be  obtained  in 
every  line  of  business.    In  the  organization  of  the  Com- 
mission, it  was  found  at  first  that  it  would  be  desirable 
to  establish  sub-committees  to  deal  with  the  particular 
things,  and  so  we  divided  the  Commission*   It  is  made  up 
of  seven  men,  into  the  following  committees:   One  on 
science,  research  and  educational  problems,  of  which  Dr. 
Godfrey,  of  Drexell  Institute,  was  made  chairman,  and  he 
is  giving  his  attention  primarily,  to  all  matters  that 
would  naturally  come  to  that  committee.   Another  com- 
mittee was  formed  on  raw  materials,  metals  and  minerals, 
and  Ilr,  Bernard  Baruch,  of  Hew  York,  who  fortunately,  has 
extensive  knowledge  of  that  matter,  is  giving  it  his  at- 
tention. He  has  formed  committees  to  deal  with  raw  mater ic 
of  various  kinds,  and  you  have  read  undoubtedly  of  some  of 
his  activities. 

Ilr..  Howard  Coffin,  of  Detroit,  has  been  made  chairman 
of  the  manufacturers  and  munitions,  and  the  standardizatio: 


/2c 


■  - 

-*   .  • '  -  - 

"•'■ 

;;... 

■  ■ 


■ 


- 

.'_•..'■■       "      -  --     •     '■  •■■  '     el       '   -'•-" 


■ .      '.:  ".     <  -.'   "      - 


of  industrial  processes.   Mr.  Coffin  lias  been  giving  his  ;:. 
time  to  tola  matter  for  a  year,  ana.  he  has  done  work  that 
no  one  who  has  not  had  it  brought  to  his  attention,  could 
possibly  appreciate*   He  has  not  only  given  his  tine,  but 
he  has  contributed  of  his  means,  and  he  has  done  very  valu- 
able work  in  this  commission. 

Mr,  Rosenwald,  president  of  Sears,  Roebuck  &  Company, 
of  Chicago,  is  chairman  of  the  committee  on  food  and  cloth- 
ing supplies,  and  he  has  also  formed  committees  to  deal  wj 
the  various  activities  in  that  connection,  and  has  done  ex- 
ceedingly good  work. 

-I1.  Gompers,  as  would  be  natural,  has  been  made  chair- 
man of  the  committee  on  labo^ ,  wel^arto  work,  and  other  all- 
subjects.   He  also  has  had  a  number  of  conferences  with  le: 
ing  representatives  of  labor,  and  manufacturers,  and  has 
formed  aub-committees,  and  his  activities  extend  over  a  wi. 
territory. 

Dr.  Franklin  Martin,  of  Chicago,  is  chairman  of  the  ec 
mittee  on  medicine  and  sanitary  problems,  and  the  work  th 
his  committee  has  done  has  been  marvelous  also.   Dr.  Martii. 
has  called  to  his  assistance  some  of  the  ablest  surgeons  :'.. 
the  world,  such  as  Dr.  Finney,  of  Columbia,  Dr.  Shellings  ■: 
Chicago,  and  Alexis  Carrrll,  of  Paris,  and  men  whose  names 
stand  high  in  the  medical  profession.   Dr.  Simpson,  of  Pit'. 
burgh,  has  been  working  here  with  me  for  some  time.   They 
have  done  very  valuable  work  in  connection  with  matters  per 
taining  to  the  care  of  the  wounded  and  sanitary  processes. 
Dr.  Martin  will  undoubtedly  tell  you  more  about  the  detail 

The  chairman  of  the  Commission  is  also  chairman  of  the 
sub-committee  on  transportation,  and  it  is  with  particular 
reference  to  the  work  of  that  committee  that  I  shall  a&dr< 


75/ 


myself  for  the  few  minutes  that  I  shall  take. 

It  has  been,  as  I  said,  from  the  first,  our  theory 
that  we  would  be  more  effective  in  our  work  if  we  formed 
voluntary  committees  in  connection  with  the  different  ac- 
tivities and  called  to  those  committeeamen  vvho  are  recog- 
nized leaders  in  that  line  of  work.   Of  course  the  Advisory 
Commission,  as  you  probably  know,  under  the  law,  serves 
without  compensation,  and  all  the  men  who  are  working  in 
this  building,  some  70  or  80,  with  the  Advisory  Commission, 
are  also  serving  without  compensation,  and  of  course  the 
co-nrnitt/x^s  that  have  b??n  formed  all  over  the  country  and 
in  connection  with  the  different  activities,  serve  the  same 
way.   Everyone  has  contributed  his  services  in  connection 
with  the  work  of  this  committee,  except  a  very  few  whose 
work  is  clerical,  and  of  course  who  properly  are  paid  for 
what  they  do. 

The  committed  of  which  I  have  been  made  head,  has 
within  its  activities,  transportation  and  communication. 
The  committee  on  communication  was  formed  by  Mr.  Theodore 
Vail,  at  my  request.   I  wrote  to  him  explaining  our  work 
of  organisation,  and  asked  "him  if  he  would  associate  ..  with 
himself  the  leaders  of  the  telephone  and  telegraph  companies 
in  the  United  States,  and  when  he  has  formed  such  a  com- 
mittee, come  to  Washington,  and  meet  with  the  proper  of- 
ficers of  the  Government ,  and  agree  on  a  plan  of  organisa- 
tion.  It  is  only  fair  to  say  that  the  representatives  of 
the  telephone  and  telegraph  companies  have  been  working 
mostly  with  the  officials  of  the  Government  for  more  than 
a  year,  and  I  shall  not  try  to  tell  you  of  the  wonderful 
things  that  have;  been  accomplished.   They  have  made  it  pos- 
sible for  the  Secretary  of  the  Havy,  sitting  in  his  office 
to  talk  instantly  by  telephone  with  any  point  in  the  United 
States,  with  a-ny  ship  within  a  reasonable  area  of  the  coast 

/2  8 


on  either  side  of  the  United  States,  or  with  any  shipyard 
in  the  United  States,  and  he  can  talk  by  telephone  for 
some  considerable  distance  out  at  sea.   That  of  course  is 
done  by  a  combination  of  the  wireless  and  the  wire.   Tha' 
is  too  marvelous  for  me  to  undertake  to  explain.  They 
have  actually  accomplished  that.   They  have  arranged  sig- 
nals that  would  put  that  system  into  effect  in  the  brief e v 
possible  time.   They  have  laid  extra  cables  and  they  have 
arranged  so  that  at  any  time  on  a  given  signal  a  complete- 
system  can  be  turned  over  to  the  Government  in  connection 
with  the  government's  affairs,  a  very  great  accomplishment 
(Applause) 

The  accomplishments  of  that  committee,  are  well  wortl  j 
of  any  applause  that  you  may  give  them,   (Applause) 

The  law  provides  that  the  activities  of  the  Commissi < 
shall  not  only  be  in  regard  to  transportation  by  rail,  bu.-i 
also  in  regard  to  water  transportation,  and  by  highways. 
Naturally,  the  steam  railroad  systems,  together  with  the 
electric  railways,  is  the  most  important  transportation 
system,  and  we  gave  that  our  first  consideration.   At  my 
request  a  committee  of  railroad  presidents,  representing 
all  the  lines  of  the  United  States,  met  in  Washington 
some  several  months  ago,  and  formed  themselves  into  four 
committees,  to  co-ordinate  with  the  four  military  depart- 
ments of  the  United  States.  Vie  had  a  conference  here  witii 
the  Secretary  of  War,  the  President  of  the  War  College, 
the  Chief  Os  Staff,   le  discussed  with  those  gentlemen  tin 
problems  that  would  confront  them  in  the  future  in  case 
this  country  should  be  at  war,  and  many  other  things,  and. 
particularly  mobilization  points,  and  that  is  a  matter 
that  concerns  directly  all  you  gentlemen  because  it  is  es 
sential  that  the  mobilization  points  of  the  various  state 
should  be  located  with  reference  to  transportation  facili- 
ties, not  so  much  for  the  purpose  of  getting  troops  to 
the  points,  but  to  get  them  away  from  the  points,  to  the 
place  where  they  may  be  needed.   Those  committees  are 
studying  the  matter  now,  I  suppose,  in  connec- 


-- 

- 


•  - 


: 


r  . '  -  , 


i 


.     '        .     .    "       .' 


- 


' 


t 


..'.-- 


.  -:lU: 


■ 


'■ 


'■ 


*  -,-1- 


tlon  with  the  representative.';  ci"  ~he  in^ii/id"..-'...":.  ***..&>*# 

This  coiuaittee,  of  the  four  CQUZiittees,  which  .:.. 
ganized  to  deal  with  the  railroad  pyaoleB,  took  up  the  ssat  - 
ters  that  were  first  considered  necessary,  but  it  soon  deve. 
oped  that  the  work  of  the  railroads  was  going  to  be  of  a 
much  broaden  j.. •_.,■„■;  ....... ..  and  about  three  weeks  ag  ,  at  ay  re- 
quest, the  representatives  of  all  the  railroads  of  the  Uni- 
ted States  assembled  again  in  Washington.   I  explained  to 
them  the  situation  that  had  developed  in  the  meantime.   In 
the  meantime  our  country  had  entered  the  war,  and  I  said  to 
them  that  in  order  that  they  might  best  be  able  to  co-oper- 
ate promptly  with  the  Government,  and  the  industrial  activi- 
ties generally,  I  felt  confident  that  it  would  be  necessary 
for  them  to  select  a  committee  to  sit  permanently  here  in 
Washington  and  direct  the  movement  of  the  traffic  of  this 
country.  What  I  asked  them  to  do,  in  effect,  was  nothing 
less  than  this  -  to  turn  over  their  individual  properties  ;• 
a  committee  of  five  to  be  run  as  that  committee  of  five 
should  dictate,  having  in  mind  the  situation  as  it  was  pre- 
sented to  them.   They  unanimously  adopted  my  suggestion. 
They  formed  a  committee  of  five,  and  they  are  sitting  perm.., 
ently  here  in  Washington  now,  directing  the  transportation 
of  the  American  railroads. 

In  England,  as  you  may  recall,  when  the  war  began, 
Great  Britain  took  over  the  roads,  and  selected  a  committee 
of  general  managers  to  operate  the  railroads,  just  as  we 
are  doing  it  now,  but  at  the  same  time  Great  Britain  guar- 
anteed to  the  railroads  that  the  dividends  which  they  had 
been  receiving  for  a  certain  period  o_  time  should  be  con- 
tinued.  Uothing  of  that  kind  has  been  done  here,  so  far 
as  any  guarantee  is  concerned.  The  Government  has  not  as- 
sumed any  responsibility!  but  the  railroads  themselves, 


/3o 


175  different  conpaniea,  have  signed  an  agreement  between 
the/as  elves  by  which  they  put  in  the  hands  of  five  men  com- 
plete authority  to  order  their  cars,  their  engines,  their 
facilities,  -  to  give  any  order  they  wish  to  give,  which 
must  be  in  the  interests  of  the  public.   (Applause)   It  see 
to  me  when  you  consider  that  they  sv.bordinated  all  self  in- 
terest to  the  interest  of  the  common  good,  that  there  agair. 
was  an  evidence  of  how  the  business  people  of  this  country 
feel,  and  are  going  to  act  in  this  great  emergency,  and  wha^ 
I  have  said  about  the  railroads  is^  I  am  sure,  equally  tru? 
of  every  other  interest,  at  least  so  it  appears  to  us  here 
in  Washington  as  we  have  come  in  contact  with  the  different 
activities. 

HoW  I  will  try  to  give  you  3ome  idea  of  what  that  com~ 
uiittee  is  doing  in  Washington,  and  how  they  are  handling 
the  railroads  in  the  interest  of  the  public  at  the  present 
time.   These  five  gentlemen,  who  are  themselves  presidents 
of  different  railroads,  are  sitting  here  in  daily  confer- 
ence, and  they  are  not  thinking  in  terms  of  the  Pennsyl- 
vania, or  the  Illinois  Central,  or  the  Northwestern.   So 
far  as  they  are  concerned,  there  are  no  individual  railroac, 
in  the  United  States.   Their  problems  are  of  this  charac- 
ter, and  I  will  give  one  specific  insta.nce.   We  had  infor- 
mation not  long  ago  that  at  the  head  of  the  lakes  this 
year,  there  was  left  over  only  about  300,000  tons  of  soft 
coal,  while  a  year  ago  there  was  left  over  3,500,000  tons. 
The  railroads  and  the  business  men  in  the  ITorthwest  are  ve:. 
nuch  concerned  about  the  possibility  of  a  fuel  shortage  no . 
winter,  and  of  course  it  would  be  a  very  serious  thing  in 
that  northern  climate.   Nov;,  that  was  one  of  the  first  pro 
lems  which  the  railroad  committee  took  v.p,  and  this  is  wl 
they  .have  dpne».  They  have,  aad  "in  conference  ohose  who  con- 


trol  the  big  ships  of  the  lakes  carrying  ore,  and  they  have 
said  this  to  theiaj   "A  year  ago  your  ships  brought  ore  dowi 
the  lakes,  but  you  didn't  carry  coal  up  the  lakes,  because 
you  were  anxious  to  get  out  a  large  amount  of  ore,  and  you 
did  not  want  to  wait.   This  year  there  is  a  condition  in 
the  Northwest  which  will  make  it  necessary  to  carry  coal 
on  your  return  trips."  The  situation  was  explained,  and 
they  said:   "Of  course  we  will  have  our  ships  carry  coal 
to  the  north."   Then  they  have  said  to  the  railroads  oper- 
ating from  West  Virginia,  Ohio,  and  Pennsylvania  to  the 
lakes:   "You  must  see  that  the  cars  are  furnished  and  promt.' 
ly  moved  so  as  to  get  the  coal  over  the  lines  to  the  lakes, 
in  order  that  the  boats  on  the  lakes  can  carry  it  to  the 
head  of  the  lakes,  so  that  there  may  be  no  coal  shortage  ir 
Minnesota,  North  Dakota,  and  the  Northwest  during  the  corai::.. 
winter. " 

Never  before  has  that  question  been  handled  in  that 
way,  and  if  there  is  any  fear  on  the  part  of  any  that  there 
is  going  to  be  a  fuel  shortage  in  the  Northwest  next  year, 
you  can  go  away  feeling  as  well  assured  as  a  man  can  be 
assured  of  anything,  that  that  subject  is  being  given  the 
best  possible  attention  at  the  present  time,  and  I  person- 
ally do  not  believe  you  will  be  short  of  coal  in  the  North- 
west during  the  next  winter*   (Applause) 

Other  important  things  have  come  up.   For  instance,  the 
Secretary  of  Agriculture  has  impressed  upon  the  committee 
the  great  importance  of  doing  everything  that  can  be  done 
to  stimulate  planting  and  crop  growing  during  the  present- 
year.   On  that  question  for  the  last  four  or  five  weeks 
cars  have  been  diverted  and  used  to  move  seeds,  fertiliser., 
agricultural  implements,  and  doing  the  things  that  were  n 
necessary  to  stimulate  growing.   That  matter  will  soon  be 
over,  and  then  the  freight  cars  that  have  been  hauling 

/3X 


fertilizer  to  a  large  extent  will  be  used  for  other  pur- 
pose o. 

Amother  thing  the  Commission  has  done  and  this  in 
the  interest  of  greater  efficiency,  and  it  may  hear  ra- 
ther on  some  of  you  gentlemen,  and  on  men  that  you  meet. 
Before  this  arrangement  was  made,  the  railroads  had  been 
asked  to  move  a  rather  large  amount  of  coal  from  the  eas- 
tern coal  fields  to  the  Pacific,  for  use  on  the  coast. 
Formerly  that  coal  went  around  by  wateir,  but  now  because 
of  the  further  demand  for  boats,  it  had  been  decided  to 
move  this  coal  by  rail,  and  coal  has  been  sent  to  the 
coast  in  steel  cars  primarily  because  it  was  more  con- 
venient to  unload  the  open  steel  cars  on  the  coast. 
Now  those  cars  that  went  from  West  Virginia  to  Califor- 
nia with  coal  had  to  be  hauled  back  3000  miles  empty  be- 
cause there  was  nothing  to  come  east.   At  the  same  time 
we  were  sending  empty  box  care  west  to  baring  grain  and 
other  things  to  the  east.   We  were  sending  empty  cars 
in  both  directions  as  a  matter  of  custom  and  convenience. 
When  this  committee  took  hold  of  the  situation  and  began 
to  view  those  matters  in  a  big  way,  they  said  "Why,  we 
can't  do  that,  that  is  not  efficient."  They  took  the 
matter  up  at  once,  with  the  coal  operators,  and  asked 
them  if  they  would  load  coal  in  box  cars.   They  did  not 
w?.nt  to.   It  cost  more  money,  but  they  agreed  to  do  it. 
We  asked  the  coal  consumers  if  they  would  be  willing  to 
unload  this  coal  from  box  cars.   Some  of  them  thought 
they  could  not,  but  some  of  them  agreed  to  it,  so  that 
now  we  have  cut  out  the  hauling  of  empty  coal  cars  3000 
miles  across  the  country,  and  hauling  box  cars  in  both 
directions. 

This  is  one  of  the  great  lines  of  efficiency  that 

/3  3 


tho  committee  has  endeavored  to  work  out,  and  because  of 
the  innumerable  things  that  it  can  do  in  that  direction, 
we  feel  that  without  additional  cars  and  without  addi- 
tional engines,  the  railroads  will  be  able  to  handle  more 
business  during  the  coming  year  and  next  winter  than  they 
were  able  to  this  winter.   You  have  in  effect  today  with- 
out having  purchased  the  railroads,  without  having  guar- 
anteed anything  to  the  railroads,  you  hava1  in  effect  a 
nationalization  of  the  railroads*   You  have  a  national 
system  of  railroads  350,000  miles  long  being  operated 
as  one  grand  system  under  the  control  of  five  men,  sit- 
ting permanently  in  Washington,  to.  whom  all  complaints 
and  requests  should  be  sent,  and  who  will  act  promptly 
on  those  requests  unto  the  best  of  their  ability. 

One  other  thought  which  we  have  got  to  take  seriously 
at  heart  is  that  we  are  at  war.   It  is  a  waste  of  time 
to  discuss  the  situation  as  it  is  today  in  terms  of  peace. 
We  are  not  at  peace.   We  are  in  the  greatest  war  that 
the  world  has  ever  had.   A  hvmdred  million  people  have 
gone  to  war,  and  our  enemy  is  the  best  organised,  the 
best  disciplined,  and  the  strongest  enemy  that  ever  en- 
tered one  side  of  any  war  in  the  history  of  this  world. 
And  do  not  make  the  mistake  of  thinking  that  the  enemy 
is  exhausted,  or  is  likely  soon  to  give  out.   Unless  all 
the  signs,  unless  all  the  information  that  we  get  is 
wrong,  we  are  in  for  a  long  hard  war,  and  it  is  apt  to 
mean  that  a  lot  of  our  young  men  will  go  across  the  At- 
lantic, and  will  never  come  back,  and  you  must  think  of 
everything  in  relation  to  that  point  of  view,  or  else 
you  will  not  have  a  proper  understanding  of  the  problem 
that  is  before  us. 

How  are  we  going  to  help  the  Allies?   I  am  not  going 
to  speak  in  any  spirit  of  criticism,  and  I  am  not  going 


to  speak  in  any  terms  of  dollars  and  cents.   I  am  speak- 
ing in  terms  of  men  and  power,  and  I  ask,  how  can  we  help 
those  who  are  now  our  allies. 

One  of  the  things  that  is  worthy  of  consideration, 
at  least  so  it  seems  to  me,  though  I  may  be  prejudiced, 
is  the  matter  of  the  so-called  full-crew  laws.   I  say 
nothing  concerning  the  matter,  although  I  know  they  have 
been  criticised  by  railroad  men,  but  our  information  from 
the  railroads  show  that  there  are  approximately  6500  men 
who  are  working  on  trains  because  of  those  laws,  that 
railroad  men  feel  are  not  necessarily  so  employed,  and 
that  if  they  were  released,  there  would  be  6500  skilled 
effective  able  men  who  could  go  to  Russia  or  to  France, 
or  could  do  other  useful  lines  of  work.   What  do  I  sug- 
gest?  Simply  this.   What  I  have  said  is  either  so,  or 
it  is  not,  and  I  simply  suggest  that  in  each  state  a 
proper  way  to  deal  with  the  problem  -  I  do  not  ask  it 
because  of  the  war  -  that  you  should  repeal  any  law  - 
but  that  during  the  war  your  Public  Utility  Commission 
look  into  the  matter  here,  and  decide  if  it  is  a  fact 
that  men  are  being  diverted  from  useful  employment  be- 
cause of  legislation  which  might  have  been  justified  at 
one  time  perhaps  but  not  now,  under  the  conditions,  and 
if  it  be  a  fact,  that  they  could  be  spared  and  in  the 
interests  of  the  public  used  in  some  other  way.   It  is 
not  a  question  of  dollars  and  cents.   It  is  a  question 
of  man  power.   That  is  one  thing  that  might  be  considered. 

Another  thing.   Now  are  we  going  to  get  more  effi- 
ciency out  of  our  cars?  We  will  not  be  able  to  buy  cars 
and  locomotives  as  we  would  like  during  the  next  year  or 
so.   Why?  Because  a  large  portion  of  the  output  is  need- 
ed abroad.   They  are  building  today  nearly  a  thousand 
engines  in  our  various  locomotives  works  for  Russia  and 


France,   and  one   of  the  foreign  governments  has  asked  one 
of   our   largest   builders  for   its   entire   output   for  the   first 
si:c  months  of  next   year,    and  an  option  on  the   next    six 
months.      It    is  vital  that   France   and  Russia  have   engines. 
We   can  get   along.      We  must   get   along  with  what   we  have 
got ,    and  they  must   have  the   care   and  engines  that   other- 
wise we  would  take, 

Now  will   we  meet   the   situation?     By  doing  the  best 
that  we  can  do  with  what  we  have.      Here    is  one  thing. 
Generally  today  all  over  the   country  there   is  an  estab- 
lished rule  that   permits  the   shipped  48  hours  free  time 
for  loading  cars  and  48  hours  free  time   for  unloading, 
and  then  in  some    states   it    is  as  high  as   72  hours. 
''/hat   do    I   suggest? 

This,   that   the   free   time  be   reduced  to  24  hours. 
If  this   should  be  done,    in  our  opinion,    it   would  result 
in  releasing,    and  giving  for   other   service   645,000  cars 
for   one  trip  each  during  the   entire   year.     How  do   I   ar- 
rive  at   those   figures?     This  way.      Sixty-four  per  cent 
of  all  the   cars   that   are   loaded,    according  to  our   records, 
are   now  unloaded  in  the  first    34  hours.      Twenty-one  per 
cent    are   unloaded   in  48  hours,    and  15$  take    several  days. 
Now   if   you  would  unload  that   21$  that    now  takes  48  hours, 
in  24  hours,    you  would  add  to  the   efficiency  of  our  equip-' 
ment    645,000  car3  for  one   trip  during  the   year.      In  Ger- 
many,   I  may   say,    under  Governmental  control,   the   shipp^i 
is  only  allowed   six  hours  to  load  and  unload  cars,   but 
the   German  car   is   smaller.      I  would  not    suggest   anything 
less  than  24  hours,   but    I  do  think   it    is  desirable   now 
to    say  to  men  who  have   cars   "You  must,    in  the   interest 
of  all  the  people  -  not    in  the    interest    of  the   railroads  - 
but    in  the   interest    of  all  the  people,    load  your  cars 
promptly,    and  unload  them  promptly,    and  let   them  move 

/3<£ 


, 


someone  el ee ' s  f re ight . n 

That  is  one  thing.   Now  there  is  another,  and  that 
is  the  question  of  readjustment  of  passenger  schedules. 
In  England  and  in  Germany,  the  oountries  at  war,  they 
have  absolutely  eliminated  commercial  schedules  during 
war  tirr.es.   They  always  do  in  Germany..   I  happened  to 
be  in  Germany  at  the  time  of  mobilisation  and  for  eight 
days  no  cars  were  run  for  the  carrying  of  passengers. 

won't  have  to  do  that ,  but  we  may  have  to  do  something. 
The  figures  show  that  the  passenger  train  mileage  in  this 
country  is  nearly  as  large  as  freight  grain  mileage.   I 
was  surprised  when  I  saw  the  comparison,  of  those  figures. 
We  run  in  this  country  570,000,000  passenger  train  miles 
a  year.   That  is  1,600,000  train  miles  a  day,  or  if  you 
are  interested  in  figures,  that  is  six  times  the  distance 
to  the  moon  that  we  run  every  day,  with  out  passenger 
trains.   Modern  opinion  is  that  it  will  be  in  the  inter- 
est of  all  people  later  on,  and  perhaps  not  very  much  la- 
ter on,  to  give  very  careful  consideration  to  the  passen- 
ger train  schedules  and  the  railroad  presidents  are  study- 
ing that  in  this  particular  connection.   For  instance, 
where  our  duplicate  trains  parallel  railroads  between 
two  places,  with  trains  running  practically  the  same 
schedule,  we  are  trying  to  reduce  those  schedules  so 
that  the  people  will  have  the  necessary  service,  but  still 
release  the  cars  and  the  engines.   Now  who  do  we  want  to 
do  this?  What  do  we  gain?  There  are  14,000  engines  in 
this  country,  handling  passenger  trains.   Now  if  we  can 
take  4,000  out  of  the  passenger  engines,  which  are  almost 
as  strong  as  the  freight  engines,  and  put  them  into  freight 
service,  and  if  you  hurry  up  the  loading  and  unloading  of 
cars,  you  would  add  very  much  by  so  doing,  to  the  effi- 
ciency of  the  railroads.   It  is  a  matter  for  you  to  do. 

/37 


The  railroads  can  do  it  with  your  permission.   They  cannot 
do  it  in  th3  interests  of  business  without  your  assent. 

#ow,  that  problem  will  be  worked  out.  You  will  be 
asked  to  consult  about  it.   It  won't  be  done  without  your 
being  considered,  and  we  want  your  views  about  it.   We  will 
put  the  problem  up  to  you,  and  we  will  3ay,  "this  is  the 
situation  if  you  will  do  this  during  the  continuation  of  th 
war."   I  a:;:  talking  in  terms  of  vral,  not  in  terns  of  peace. 
If  you  will  help  us  to  do. this  in  tine  of  war ,  we  can  do  no  i 
for  the  efficiency  of  the  trains,  carry  more  fertilizer  and 
flour,  and  so  on,  and  I  an  sure  no  one  will  object  to  a  pro;-  i 
solution  of  such  an  important  question.   (Applause) 

There  is  another  very  important  and  very  difficult 
question,  and  I  do  not  know  how  it  will  be  solved.   It  is 
this.   7or  sone  tine,  while  the  war  last3,  perhaps,  there 
will  be  more  easiness  for  the  railroads  than  the  crews  can 
handle.   It  has  been  said  that  the  railroads  have  broken 
down.   They  have  done  more  business  than  at  any  tine  before, 
but  there  is  much  more  to  be  done.   With  all  this  co-oper- 
ation they  can't  do  the  business  of  the  country,  and  where 
they  can't  it  will  be  necessary  to  decide  which  particular 
business  will  be  given  the  preference,  and  that  is  a  very 
important  question  to  settle,  because  every  nan  thinks  his 
business  is  most  important ,  and  it  is,  to  hin.   But  sone:  bod 
0-'  men  sonewhere,  will  have  to  decide  which  is  the  most  im- 
portant business  in  the  interests  of  tae  people,   How  that 
matter  is  under  consideration.   Thau  question  has  had  to  be 
settled  in  England.   We  will  have  to  heap  watch  and  we  will 
do  it.   The  railroad  commit  bee,  as  already  stated,  has  taken 
one  chance,  and  I  may  say  that  they  seem  to  have  gotten 
away  with  it  so  far.   They  have  said  that  the  coal  is  the 
most  important  tonnage  ;c  .:-e  moved,  and  nobody  has  criti- 

/35 


'  ■-.'  \ 


cized  it  as  yet.   They  have  already  begun  to  fill  the  coal 
iins  for  next  winter,  and  I  think  you  will  all  agree  that 
that  is  something  of  importance..  What  is  next?  what  is 
third?  what  is  fourth,  and  what  is  fifth?  No  matter  what 
committee  v;e  get  to  deal  with  the  question,  it  is  going  to 
make  decisions  that  somebody  thinks  should  not  be  made.   ic 
must  try  to  understand  that  and  bear  with  them,  becau.se  wai 
makes  inconvenience.   Inconvenience  is  the  least  of  all 
evils  that  grow  out  of  war. 

Just  one  matter  more..  There  are  two  other  activities 
that  the  committee  of  transportation  will  have  to  take  up, 
but  in  which  I  have  not  had  time  as  yet  to  make  the  prcgres 
that  I  would  like.   I  expect  to  appoint  a  committee  on  in- 
land waterways,  and  a  committee  on  highways,  in  order  that 
those  particular  aeans  of  transportation  may  be  co-ordina- 
ted  with  the  railroads.   The  electric  railroads  are  working 
witn  the  steam  railroads,  with  their  committees,  but  we 
haven't  as  yet  got  a  committee  on  inland  waterways,  repre- 
senting transportation  on  the  Mississippi ,  the  Ohio,  the 
Missouri,  etc,.  We  are  a3kiag  General  Black,  who  has  had 
to  do  with  the  improvement  of  those  rivers,  to  meet  with 
the  railroad  committee  and  advise  it,  and  others,  includi 
Senator  Ransdell,  are  now  trying  to  assist  me  in  formi 
a  committee  on  inland  waterways,  so  that  we  ce,n  co-ordinate 
the  use  of  the  waterways  with  the  railroads.  We  are  try- 
ing now  to  find  out  how  we  can  use  the  Mississippi  if  pos- 
sible to  take  coal  west  and  brint  flour  ana  jrain  down 
to  help  out  this  general  transportation  problem, 

The  question  of  highways  is  another  one.  I  have  had 
communication  with  people  who  are  particularly  interested 
in  that  sucject,  but  it  seems  so  much  mors  important;  to 
the  railroads  and  the  electric  railro-^s  and  the  shipping 


u 


/27 


interests  started  first  that  we  have  just  lot  the  highways 
wait  for  a  few  minutes,  but  they  have  not  been  forgotten. 
I  think  there  has  been  some  concern  in  sons  quarters,  be- 
cause more  has  not  been  done,  but  we  will  take  that  up  soon, 
and  we  have  tried  to  do  first  what  seeued  to  be  most  im- 
portant,  (Prolonged  applause  and  clreers) 


fro 


A  MEMBER,   Mr.  Chairman,  I  simply  want  to  suggest 
at  this  time  that  the  membership  can  now  go  home  and 
say  that  they  have  heard  something.  (Applause)' 

MR.  GIFFCrD.   I  introduce  myself  as  the  next 
speaker,   I  shall  describe  the  organization  of  the 
Councils  of  national  Defense,  and  the  relation  of  the 
Council  to  the  state  councils  of  defense* 

Last  August  a  law  containing  the  following 
provisions  was  passed;' 

Sec. St.   That  a  Council  of  National  De- 
fense is  hereby  established  for  the  coordination 
of  industries  and  resources  for  the  national  secur- 
ity and  welfare,  to  consist  of  the  Secretary  of 
f   ",  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy  and  Secretary  of 
the  Interior,  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture,  and 
the  Secretary  of  Labor 0 

That  the  Council  of  National  Defense  shall 
nominate  to  the  President,  and  the  President  shall 
appoint,  an  advisory  commission,  consisting  of  not 
more  than  seven  persons,  each  of  whom  shall  have 
special  knowledge  of  some  industry,  public  utility, 
or  the  development  of  some  natural  resource,  or 
be  otherwise  specially  qualified,  in  the  opinion 
of  the  council,  for  the  performance  of  the  duties 
hereinafter  provided.   The  members  of  the  advi- 
sory commission  shall  serve  without  compensation, 
but  shall  be  allowed  actual  expenses  of  travel 
and  subsistence  when  attending  meetings  of  the 
commission  or  engaged  in  investigations  pertain- 
ing to  its  activities.   The  advisory  commission 
shall  hold  such  meetings  as  shall  be  called  by 
the  council  or  be  provided  by  $rhe  rules  and 
regulations  adopted  by  the  council  for  the  con- 
duct )f  its  work,     /A/ 


1 


That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Council 
of  National  Defense  to  supervise  and  direct  in- 
vestigations and  make  recommendations  to  the 
President  and  the  heads  of  executive  depart- 
ments as  to  the  location  of  railroads  with 
reference  to  the  frontier  of  the  United  States 
so  as  tc  render  possible  expeditious  concen- 
tration of  troops  and  supplies  tc  points  of 
defense;  the  coordination  of  military,  in- 
dustrial and  commercial  purposes  in  the  loca- 
tion of  extensive  highways  and  branch  lines 
of  railroad;  the  utilization  of  waterways; 
the  mobilization  of  military  and  naval  re- 
sources for  defense;-  the  increase  of  domestic  ' 
production  of  articles  and  materials  essen- 
tial to  the  support  of  armies  and  of  the  peo- 
ple during  the  interruption  of  foreign  com- 
merce; the  development  of  sea-going  transport- 
ation; data  as  to  amounts,  location,  method, 
and  means  of  production,  and  availability  of 
military  supplies;  the  giving  of  information 
to  producers  and  manufacturers  as  to  the  class 
of  supplies  needed  by  the  military  and  other 
services  of  the  Government,  the  requirements 
relating  thereto,  and  the  creation  of  relations 
which  will  render  possible  in  time  of  need  the 
immediate  concentration  and  utilisation  of  the 
resources  of  the  Nation." 

Here  is  expressed  the  duty  of  the  Council  of  Na- 
tional Defense  under  an  act  passed  while  we  were  at  peace. 
The  advisory  commission  was  appointed,  and  the  Council  held 
its  first  meeting  in  December.   Te  have  been  working  on  the 


Z 


r    . 


proper  form  of  organization  for  this  work  of  coord- 
lnating  the  resources.  It  is  only  recently  that  we 
have  determined  on  the  final  basic  for  acting. 

Mr,  ffillard  has  spofcen  briefly  to  you  of  the 
advisory  commission  of  the  Council  of  National  De- 
fense, and  explained  that  the  commission,  by  law, 
is  purely  advisory.   The  Council  of  National  De- 
fense, you  will  remember,  consists  of  six  cabinet 
officers,  the  executive  heads  of  the  iargs  depart- 
ment a  which  are  mentioned,   Tho  seven  advisory  com- 
missioners advise  these  six  cabinet  officers,  bring- 
ing to  their  ears  the  knowledge  and  the  information 
of  the  civilian  resources  and  business  activities  of 
the  country.   In  order  to  ca.rry  out  their  task  of  ad- 
vising, they  have  appointed  and  associated  with  them- 
selves commitxees  on  certain  lines  of  industry,   Mr. 
'"il lard -.has  cauned  to  be  appointed,  the  committee  on 
railroads,  which  he  referred  to,  and  the  committee  on 
telegraph  and  telephones,  as  well  as  the  committee  of 
electric  railroads.   Other  committees  will  be  on  in- 
land waterways  and  highways, 

Mr.  Coffin,  as  announced,  is  chairman  of  the  com- 
mittee on  munitions,  including  standardisation  and  in- 
dustrial relations  and  has  also  taken  over  the  work  of 
the  committee  on  motor  transport.   He  is  chairman  of 
the  beard  of  aircraft  production,  and  i3  likewise 
supervising  the  work  of  the  general  munitions  board 
of  the  Council. 

Dr.  Godfrey  is  chairman  of  the  committee  en  sci- 
ence and  research,  including  engineering  and  education, 
and  is  today  and  tomorrow  holding  meetings  of  college 
presidents  from  all  over  the  country  regarding  its 
activities. 

//,» 


Mr.  Rosenwald  is  chairman  of  the  committee  on 
supplies,  Including  food  and  clothing,  and  has  formed, 
or  caused  to  "be  formed,  in  the  various  lines  of  in- 
dustry, committees  on  woolen  goods,  cotton  goods, 
and  shoes  ana  leather. 

Mr.  Gompers  is  in  charge  of  the  committee  on 
labor,  including  the  conservation  of  the  welfare 
and  health  of  workers,  and  has  associated  with  him- 
self a  large  committee  of  employes,  employers  and 
representatives  of  the  public. 

Dr.  Martin,  from  whom  you  will  hear  later,  has 
charge  of  the  committee  on  medicine  and  surgery, 
including  sanitation. 

Dr.  Baruch  directs  the  committee  on  minerals  and 
metals,  and  has  caused  t o  be  formed  sub-committees  on 
nickel,  steel,  oils,  rubber,  lead,  sulphur,  and  many 
other  committees  are  being  formed. 

What  does  this  committee  scheme  mean?   It  means 
that  when  the  Government  wants  to  know  anything,  about 
say  nickel,  or  steel,  or  oil,  or  rubber,  the  Govern- 
ment can  call  to  its  help  the  advisory  committee  to 
give  information  on  what  it  knows  in  regard  to  the 
situation  in  that  industry,  and  the  knowledge  will 
come  from  men  who  are  prominent  in  that  industry. 
The  Government  has  already  been  holding  conferences  ^ 
with  the  leading  men  in  these  lines,  as  to  the  sup- 
ply of  oil  in  the  country,  or  the  supply  of  steel, 
or  of  nickel,  whether  there  is  enough  for  our  pre- 
sent and  prospective  needs.   Those  are  committees q± . 
advice  at  our  command,  organized,  ready  to  be  called 
on,  which  we  ore  using  and  esn  eor.tinue  .to  use;  and 
they  brin^  to  the  Government  in  the  prosecution  of 


• 


• 


this  work  the  best  intelliser.ee  on  the  subjects  in 
question  that  we  have  in  the  country. 

The  Council  of  National  Defense*  itself ,  under 
the  ;  law  cited,  has  the  power  to  appoint  subordinate 
bodies,  which  are  wholly  legal  in  their  constitution 
and  the  personnel  of  which  serve  without  pay,  Thus 
fur,  the  Council  has  appointed  a  number  of  these 
subordinate  belies. 

To  enumerate  them,  it  has  recently  created  a  com- 
mittee on  cocl  production,  believing  it  necessary  that 
the  question  of  coal  production  be  settled  not  only 
from  the  standpoint  of  the  coal  producers,  but  also 
from  that  of  the  Government's  needs,  using  the  infor- 
mation possessed  by  the  Bureau  of  Mines,  and  other 
Federal  departments  to  assist  it  in  its  work.  Desir- 
ing to  coordinate  all  the  information  gained  and  to 
study  the  coal  question  thoroughly,  v/e  have  had  a 
committee  formed  with  Mr.  P.  3.  Peabody  as  chairman. 

The  Shipping  Board  constitutes  the  committee  on 
shipping.   It  has  associated  with  it  a  committee  on 
shipping,  consisting  of  men  who  own  steamship  lines, 
and  big  men  in  shipping,  so  as  to  find  out  what  ship- 
ping is  available,  what  can  be  male  available,  etc. 

Mr.  Coffin,  as  stated,  is  chairc.in  of  the  com- 
mittee on  aircraft  production.   .Representatives  of 
the  Army  and  lTavy  are  also  on  this  board.   There  is 
a  committee  on  women's  defense  work  which  held  its 
first  meeting  yesterday,  and  which  is  meeting  again 
today,  of  which  Dr.  Anna  Howard  Shaw  is  chairman. 
It  consists  of  nine  prominent,  capable  women,  who  will 
advise  the  Council  of  national  Defense  as  to  what  aid 
women  can  best  render  in  the  prosecution  of  the  war. 


/■4-r 


■    ■  '■  '     ■  .  '      • 

.     :     \     .    ■  -     .  i  1  -  -      "  '  ■      -w  . 


iiivhP   '    •' 


We  have  also  appointed  a  commercial  economy  board. 
It  is  headed  by  Mr.  A.  77.  Shaw,  publisher  of  "System," 
and  president  of  A.  V.  Shaw  &  Company,  of  Chicago,  and 
further  consists  of  Mr.  George  F.ablee,  Kr.  Simmons ,  of 
the  Simmons  Hardware  Company,  Hte  Dennison,  and  Dean  . 
Gay  of  Harvard  University.   This  committee  is  hc;jrd  at 
work  on   the  question  of  economy  in  distribution.   It 
is  not  advisable,  probably,  at  the  ir/imediate  moment, 
to  make  too  sudden'  an  adjustment  in  this  direction. 
r/E  must  adjust  slowly.   If  we  do  it  too  quickly,  we 
shall  have  unemployment ,  and  shall  perhaps  have  a 
serious  condition.   The  committee  will  shortly  recom- 
mend definite  lines  of  economy  which  the  wholesale  and 
retail  trade  can  take  under  advisement,  so  that  both 
men  and  capital  can  be  saved  for  the  uses  of  national 
defense. 

VTe  have  a  general  munitions  board,  with  Hr.  ?..  A. 
Scott,  vice-president  of  the "7ar&Si- &  Swazey  Company, 
as  chairman.   The  general  munitions  board  has  on  it 
representatives  of  the  purchasing  departments  of  the 
Army  and  the  Navy,  and  also  of  the  committees  of  the 
advisory  commission  covering  raw  materials,  munitions, 
medicine,  and  general  supplies.   This  board  meets  here 
every  morning  at  8  o'clock.   Principal  orders  that  are 
to  be  placed  by  the  Army  and  Wavy  aie  submitted  to  this 
board  which  schedule  the  orders  and  finds  out  if  there 
is  any  conflict.   The  Army  and  the  Navy  may  be  v/anting 
the  same  thing  from  the  same  place  at  the  same  time. 
It  is  the  duty  of  the  board  to  decide  which  should  be 
given  preference.   It  is  its  further  duty  to  ascertain 
what  probably  will  be  needed  to  equip  our  proposed 
military  and  naval  forces,  and  to  find  out,  as  against 


/46 


• 


... 


that,  what  our  producing  resources  are,  and  what  plants 
exist  that  can  produce  the  materials  needed,  and  in 
general  to  schedule  the  needs  of  the  government ,  and  the 
capacities  of  the  country  to  fulfill  those  needs.   You 
can  see  that  this  means  that  we  have  in  effect  a  muni- 
tions department.  We  are  thus  preventing  duplication 
oi'  effort,  and  we  are  preventing  one  branch  of  the 
Government  "bidding  up  the  price  of  goods  against  the 
other  branch. 

v,e   have  in  addition  a  munitions  standards  board. 
This  board  is  subdivided  into  committees  on  small  arms, 
naval  ordnance,  optical  instruments,  fuses,  gauges, 
and  mobile  artillery.   A  civilian  expert  is  in  charge 
of  each,  and  is  advising  the  ordnance  department  as  to 
the  proper  specifications,  drawings  and  plans  necessary 
for  the  quantity  production  of  the  articles  demanded. 
It  is  bringing  to  tho  government  the  practical  business 
experience  which  it  is  necessary  for  the  military  people 
to  have  in  making  up  their  specifications,  drawings , 
blueprints  and  gauges. 

An  advisory  committee  on  food  supplies  has  been  ap- 
pointed, of  which  Mr.  Herbert  C.  Hoover  will  take  charge. 
Mr.  Hoover  arrives  from  Europe  this  week.      His  committee 
will  be  organized  as  promptly  as  he  gets  here,  we  expect 
to  have  from  him  information  as  to  the  experience  of  Ger- 
many, Belgium,  ?rance,  Italy,  and  Russia,  in  the  hand- 
ling of  food  products,   we  do  not  intend  to  make  any  mis- 
takes that  these  countries  may  have  made.  (Applause) 

There  are  additional  departments  of  the  Council  of 
National  Defense.   One,  called  the  Medical  Section,  is 
under  the  general  supervision  of  Dr.  Martin  and  is  carry- 
ing on  a  great  deal  of  administrative  and  executive  work. 

/4ci 


Also  96  have  this  department  on  cooperation  with 
state  defense  councils  with  the  conduct  of  which  Mr.  Georg 
Porter  is  to  assist  me.   ^e  have  organized  this  meeting 
through  that  department,   ^e  are  further  planning  to  act 
,  as  a  bureau  of  information  to  all  of  the  state  councils 
in  defense  work.   v"e  intend  to  give  any  information,  di- 
rections or  suggestions  that  may  be  wanted  by  the  State  . 
Councils  from  the  Federal  Government,  and  we  welcome 
all  ideas  that  you  may  proffer  to  us.   we  will  see  that 
your  requests  are  properly  answered.   Incidentally,  I 
think  every  letter  is  replied  to  at  the  close  of  each 
day. 

nre   have  associated  with  us  other  organizations. 
The  Naval  Consulting  Board,  headed  by  Mr.  Thomas  A. 
Edison,  acts  for  us  as  a  board  of  inventions.   Anything 
with  reference  to  inventions  we  refer  to  them,  and  they 
give  proper  consideration  to  it.  We  have  committees 
on  supplies  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  of  the  United 
States,  which  were  appointed  at  our  request.   These 
are  appointed  in  each  city  in  which  the  Quartermaster 
has  a  representative.   In  peace  times,  the  purchases 
in  the  Army  are  made  hy   the  local  quartermaster  for 
the  district.   It  was  felt  that  if  an  unusually  large 
quantity  of  supplies  were  purchased  under  this  method, 
the  system  might  be  somewhat  strained,  that  it  was  not 
entirely  sound  for  the  purchase  of  large  amounts.   To 
prevent  any  possible  falling  down,  and  to  be  sure  that 
the  best  advice  is  given  to  the  local  quartermaster, 
these  committees  of  business  men  in  Philadelphia,  Bos- 
ton, St.  Louis,  and  the  various  places  where  the  quar- 
termasters have  representatives,  have  been  formed  to 
suggest  and  advise  with  the  quartermasters  in  the  pur- 


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chase  of  supplies  * 

The  national  Research  Council  acts  as  a  board  of 
scientific  research  for  us.   I  will  net  describe  its 
functions,  as  Dr.  Hale  of  that  Council  is  going  to 
talk  to  ycu  shortly  regarding  its  wcrtr, 

This -then,  is  the  way  in  which  we  are  coordinating 
the  work  of  the  Government.   rTe  have  in  the  Council  it- 
self a  coordination  of  the  Government  departments.  Fur- 
ther^ every  other  morning  in  my  office,  we  have  at  9 
o'clock  a  meeting  of  what  we  call  the  interdepartmen-  . 
tal  advisory  committee.   A  representative  from  every 
executive  department  appears  at  the  appointed  hour. 
we  discuss  tne  work  being  carried  on  by  the  several 
departments  in  regard  to  national  defense.   T7e  take 
up  labor  and  agricultural  matters,  and  we  find  that 
sometimes  three  or  four  departments  are  starting  to 
work  on  the  suce  problem.  We  stop  that,  we  cut  out 
duplication,  we  eliminate  wasted  effort  by  this  means. 
•:Te  can  immediately  get  in  touch  with  all  the  depart- 
ments in  Washington  and  we  are  speeding  up  the  defense 
work  therein  through  this  commit  tec < 

The  state  councils  of  defence  will,  we  hope, 
cooperate  heartily  with  us  in  th3  labors  stretching 
before  all  of  us.  ^e  have  an  immatse  amount  of  work 
to  do.  ™e  must  not  put  any  monkey  wrenches  in  the 
gears ,  nor  must  we  put  any  extra  machinery  in  that  is 
not  needed.  r'e   must  proceed  in  a  straight  line  forward 
in  v/hat  we  have  to  do.   I  hope  we  will  deal  directly 
through  the  Council  of  National  Defense  with  the  state 
councils  of  defense.   It  may  be  that  the  labor  Depart- 
ment will  have  to  deal  directly  on  some  matters  with 
the  labor  departments  of  the  state,  because  it  may  be 


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that  that  is  the  quickest  and  most  efficient  way  to 
get  a  particular  problem  done.   If  it  is,  it  ought 
to  be  done  that  way.   The  ytate  Council  of  defense 
and  the  National  Council  should,  of  course,  be  kept 
fully  informed  as  to  what  is  being  done.   In  most 
cases,  the  cooperation  should  be  between  the  state 
councils  and  the  national  Council,  and  when  it  does 
not  go  through  that  way,  there  should  be  a  specific 
and  definite  reason  for  its  going  some  other  way. 

You  will  notice,  as  I  have  described  these 
advisory  committees,  that  there  are  a  number  of 
things  on  which  we  are  advised  nationally,  rather 
than  by  state.   That  applies  particularly  to  indus- 
tries, railroads,  and  telephones  and  telegraphs,  which, 
after  all,  do  not  fundamentally  recognize  state  lines. 
I  think  v/e  should  continue  to  work  these  on. a  national 
basis.   Much  of  the  work,  however,  will  be  done  on 
state  lines,   problems  must  be  solved  locally,  pro- 
blems of  getting  increased  food,  etc.   You  can  be  ad- 
vised by  federal  means,  by  the  Department  of  Agricul- 
ture, but  it  is  a  local  problem  in  the  community  to 
do  the  particular  job.   pe  do  not  know  here,  and  we 
cannot  know  here  how  it  should  be  done  in  the  detail. 
It  is  problems  of  that  character  which  must  be  put  up 
to  the  states  for  solution. 

I  have  taken  the  liberty  of  presenting  to  you  a 
very  brief  memorandum  on  state  organizations,  which  has 
been  prepared  with  the  assistance  of  some  of  the  gentle- 
men who  represent  states  that  already  have  organizations 
completely  worked  out.  It  is  only  a  suggestion,  but  we 
believe  of  value.   There  are  plenty  of  copies  and  it 
■vill  be  distributed. 


I  am  sure  that  you  all  agree  with  me  that  the  problem 
in  this  country  is  not  so  much  a  problem  of  increasing 
our  producing  resources,  at  this  immediate  moment,  as 
it  is  of  taking  units  of  energy  that  we  have,  and  organ- 
izing them  effectively,  so  that  we  may  be  working  to  a 
common  purpose.   That  is  precisely  the  duty  and  the  task 
ahead  of  the  Council  of  National  Defense.  (Applause) 


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5    . 


A  MEMBER:   I  would  like  the  scheme  to  be  put  in 
the  Records, 

THE  CHATRUAN;   Gentlemen,  our  time  is  short  and  we 
will  move  right  forward,   I  wish  to  introduce  Dr.  Frank- 
lin Martin,  of  the  Advisory  Commission,  of  the  Council 
of  National  Defense. 

ADDRESS  OF  DR.  FRANKLIN  MARTIN. 

Gentlemen,  I  will  be  brief.   The  problems  before  the 
medical  committee  of  the  Council  of  National  Defense  are 
technical  problems,  many  of  them.   The  responsibility  of 
this  committee  T  think  is  felt  by  every  member  of  the 
committee,  and  when  I  call  your  attention  to  a  thing 
that  is  known,  that  until  the  Japanese- Russian  War,  more 
troops  died  of  disease  than  those  that  were  destroyed  by 
the  ravages  of  war,  and  that  in  the  present  conflict  in 
Europe  the  men  in  the  trenches  and  in  the  rear  of  the 
trenches,  the  enlisted  men,  are  healthier  than  the  same 
group  of  men  elsewhere,  you  will  realize  what  organiza- 
tion of  the  medical  department  in  a  great  army  means. 

Now  as  representatives  of  the  states,  I  wish  to  pre- 
sent one  proposition  for  your  consiaerat ion.   One  year  ago, 
before  war  was  declared,  in  fact  more  than  a  year  ago,  a 
committee  was  appointed,  a  joint  committee  by  five  of  the 
leading  medical  societies  of  the  United  States,  a  committee 
of  28  of  which  W.  J.  Mill,  the  famous  surgeon  was  chair- 
man, and  F,  F6  Simpson,  secretary.  The  Committee  proceeded 


AT-£. 


organize  all   state  activities   in  medicine   in  the  48  states 
in  the  union.        These  distinct  committees  consist   of  fine 
men.        The    president    of    the   state  medical   society,    was   a 
member  of  that  committee,    the  Secretary  of  the  state  medi- 
cal  society  was  also  made  a  member,        The   first  duties  that 
devolved  upon  the   national  committee,    and  duties  to    be   sift- 
ed   on  to  the  state  committees,    consisted,    in  tire   selection 
of  the  medical  men  for  the  Officers1    Reserve  Corps,   men 
called  to  the   army,  who  would  act  as  jwfdical  officers  to 
various  regiments  of   troops  sent   to    the  front.        The    sta*e 
committees  were  asked  to  come  together  on  a  certain  basis 
in  proportion  to  the  population  of  the   state,  and   they  were 
asked  to  select  their  share  of  El, 000  picked  men  for  the 
service  of   the   United  States  Army.        The   Illinois  quota, 
for   instance,   my  state,   consisted  of   1,600  men.  These 

men  were   selected  and    grouped  according  to  their  special- 
ties,  according  to   their  ages,   and  according  to   the  work 
that  they  could  do  best. 

These  groups  were   sent   to  the   Surgeon-General's  of- 
fice,   and  he  directed  the   list.        The  Surgeon-General's 
office  has  done  heoric  work    in  sending  these  men  applica- 
tion blanks.        These  applications  brought   back  something 
over  7,000  menf    ox  enough  to  man  an  army  of   1,000,000. 
They  have  all  been  given  their  commissions  as  officers  of 
the  Reserve  Corps. 

On  these   subcommittees  --  I  am  dwelling  on  the   sub- 
committees because   I  wish  to    impress  upon  you  the   import- 
ance of  these   subcommittees --on  the  subcommittees  we  have 
medical  representatives   in  addition  to  the  nine  medical 
officers   of  the  National  Guard,    the    local   officers   of  the 
United    St.At.es    Armv.  The    same     m  mm  it,  tee    #vf    nine    has    also 


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a  committee  of  the  National  Red  Cross,    xhe   National  Red 
Cross  has  practically  the  same  committee  with  the  addition 
15  men  of  the  national  committee  representing  the  Coun- 
1  of  National  Defense. 

vi/e ,  therefore,  are  ready  to  supply  tomorrow  an  army 
1,000,000  troops  and  600,000  troops  representing  the 
litia,  and  the  regular  army  is  supplied  with  medical  of- 
ficers, practically  already.     Therefore,  we  are  prepared 
to  supply  medical  officers  for  1,600,000  men.   (Appla  use) 

I  would  ask  you  in  appointing  your  committees,  or 
would  suggest  in  appointing  your  committees,  for  state 
defense,  that  you  place  tipon  the  committee  a  medical  man 
of  prominence  in  your  state  who  can  cooperate  and  will  co- 
operate with  these  strong  committees  in  each  state  that 
have  been  working  for  the  last  year, 

Briefly,  at  the  end  of  my  talk,  I  wish  General  Rucker, 
of  the  Department  of  Public  Health  of  the  United  States  to 
state  what  has  been  done  in  the  last  two  years  by  the  health 
officers  of  the  various  states  in  the  United  States  that 
have  been  meeting  in  Washington. 

New  one  thing  more  I  wish  to  call  to  your  attention. 
The  doctor  must  be  at  the  front  when  the  troops  come  to 
enroll.    He  must  be  with  the  troops  while  they  are  in 
encampment  to  look  after  the  sanitation  and  their  health 
there,  and  he  must  be  at  hand  when  the  troops  are  mustered 
out  of  service  and  he  must  further  look  after  the  question 
of  pensions  after  the  war  is  over. 

Now  what  is  the  result  of  our  preparedness?   What 
has  happened  to  encourage  us?    Remember  it  requires 


•■■••I  '■  ■;• 


four  years  to  educate  a  doctor,  and  remember  that  France, 

ii   England  have  been   in   the  terrific  conflict  for  three 
ars;  that  their  medical  service  is  depleted.    Remember 
at  the  mortality  in  this  war  among  the  medical  profes- 
sion is  greater  char?  in  sny   other  "branch  cf  the  service. 
Iance  and  England  are  now  far  below  the  requirement  of 
gical  officers  at  the  front,   The  civilian  population 
practically  depleted,    Very  few  doctors  are  left  be- 
hind in  England  and  France.    When  the  Englishmen  came 
here,  and  we  met  them,  the  first  request  made  by  Mr* 

Balfour  when  he  met  the  medical  deprtajent  was,  How  can 
you  send  us  doctors,,  and  when  can  you  send  as  doctors? 
The  reply  was  simp],  e.    The  doctors  were  ready.   We  told 
him  we  could  send  on  one  thousand  doctors  to  England  and 

1000  doctors  to  France  within  three  weeks.   (Applause) 
is  was  immediately  ccrrniunSeated  to  General  Bridges, 
e  next  day  a  cable  was  Bent  to  England,  to  England1 8 
War  Department,  asking  it  to  make  this  sore  of  request. 
This  was  done.    What  has  happened?   Six  hospital  units 
ere  called  out  within  49  hours  after  this  order  went 
th.    That  means  196  listed  personnel.    It  means  an 
anization  that  will  care  for  500  patients.    These 
ts  have  already  been  ordered  out  by  the  Red  Gross  to 
peracte  in  Europe  with  the  French  ana  English  armies, 
next  morning.  Colonel  Goodwin,  ranking  officer  cf  the 
medical  visitors,  asked  modestly  if  we  could  send  200 
medical  men  a  month  for  an  indefinite  time,  these  medical 
men  to  be  sifted  in  ary   c  arm  unity  needed,   to  work  shoulder 
to  shoulder  with  the  English  and  the  French.    The  same 
morning  General  Vellier  and  Major  Dreyfus  asked  the  War 

/S5 


H  a.i  fh-.fA 


Department  to  send  110  ambulance  units.    These  ambulance 
units  call  for  70  men  listed  personnel  and  20  automobiles 
or  ambulances.    This  request  was  immediately  accepted  and 
the  order  immediately  given. 

So  to  summarize,  we  have  the  six  units  going  out  with- 
in the  next  three  weeks,  the  first  installment  of  200  men 
as  soon  as  possible,  and  we  hope  within  three  weeks  3,000 
i  ambulances  and  5,000  ambulance  drivers  for  aid  in  Prance. 
|  (Applause) 

The  one  message  that  I  have  to  leave  is  that  in  ap- 
pointing your  state  committee  on  defense,  you  appoint  your 
medical  representatives  and  ask  him  as  far  as  possible  to 
operate  with  the  Council  of  National  Defense  and  its 
mmittee  on  medicine.    I  will  now  ask  you  to  listen 
iefly  to  General  Rucker,  who  will  make  a  statement  in 
regard  to  your  state  public  health  office. 

STATEMENT  OF  GENERAL  W.  C.  RUCKER. 

GENERAL  RUCKER;    To  sum  up  all  the  remarks  which 
have  been  made,  we  must  have  a  coordination  and  integra- 
tion of  all  the  forces  of  the  nation  in  order  that  we  may 
carry  this  war  to  a  successful  conclusion.    Coordination 
and  integration  of  all  the  units  in  the  nation  is  merely 
another  word  for  health,  because  heAlth  is  the  coordina- 
tion and  the  integration  of  all  the  parts  of  a  nation  and 
all  the  parts  of  the  individuals  to  go  to  make  up  a  nation. 

Now,  gentlemen,  in  the  excitement  of  military  affairs, 
there  is  very  grave  danger  that  the  health  of  the  civilian 
population  shall  be  overlooked.    If  we  are  to  produce  the 


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men,  the  food,  the  munitions,  the  transportation,  the  com- 
munication which  must  go  into  the  making  up  of  a  great 
Ilitsry  force,  we  cannot  do  it  unless  we  have  healthy 
ople.   We  are  able,  in  times  of  peace,  to  functionate 
th  a  certain  amount  of  bad  health  and  disease  in  the 
community.    But  when  the  added  stress  of  war  comes,  and 
this  added  stress  is  put  upon  the  organization  of  the  com- 
man  it  y,  then  if  there  is  bad  health,  if  there  is  disease, 
that  organization  is  going  to  break  down.    Therefore, 
there  must  be  a  definite  coordination  between  the  heath  of 
the  civilian  public  and  the  military  public.    On  the  one 
hand  we  have  the  Medical  Corps  cf  the  Army  and  the  Navy 
o  are  responsible  for  the  health  of  the  combating  for- 
On  the  other  hand  we  have  the  State  Department  of 
1th  and  the  subordinate  organizations  for  health  that 
responsible  for  the  civil  population,  and  between  these 
we  have  the  coordinated  organism  which  is  the  United 
tes  Public  health  Service.   Recognizing  thds  fact,  the 
nference  cf  State  and  Territorial  Health  Officers  with 
the  Surgeon  General  of  the  Public  Health  Service  on   Tues- 
■,  unanimously  --  and  I  may  say  that  there  were  44 
ites  represented  there  — >  placed,  ::.n  so  far  as  their 
s  would  allow,  the  organizations  of  the  state,  municipal 

county  health  organizations,  at  the  disposal  of  the 
eral  government. 

In  order  that  this  may  be  effective,  it  will  be  neces- 
sary that  there  be  formed  a  reserve  for  the  Public  Health 
Service,  such  reserve  to  be  appointed  from  the  sanitary 
officers  of  th^  various  states.    In  this*  way  the  services 


/*7 


a  large  number   of  men  which  otherwise  would  be   unavail- 
able  to    the   general  government,   vculi   be  brought    in  play, 
r  many   of   the   health  officers   are  man  who   are   above  Bili- 
ary age,    and    their   efforts   can  be   coordinated   and   brought 
ito  play  with  those   of  the   general  government,    and  made 
bear  directly  upon  the  health  of  the   combating  forces. 

A  point  where   you  gentlemen   can   do   an    egrcrmous   amount 
good   is   the   question   of   appropriations   fox-   state  boards 
health.        Already  acme   of    the    states  have  cut   down 
their  appropriations  for    their   state  boards   of  health,    be- 
cause they  thought    that    the   money  was  needed   for  national 
defense.         A  greater  mr stake   could  not   pc-ssibiy  have  been 
made,    because  when  all    is    said  and   done   the  bed  rock   of 
national  defense    is  health,    and   yea  ovst   keep    that    up. 

Ie   second   point   that    I  wish  to   bear   upon  you,    is   that    in 
Ties   of    peace  we   are    apt    to   say  $n,    well,    we   are  not  going 
be    sick.        Therefore    it    is   not   necessary  to  e;:ercioe 
our  police  powers  for   health    to    their  fullest   extent*      I 
urge  upon  you  that   during  this  period  of   stress   that   you 
exercise   to   the   fullest   extent   your      police  powers   for 
alth,    but  that    in   doing   so  you  should  not   do    it    in    such 
ay  that   ycu  will  hamper   the   operations   of   other  parts 
the  government.         It    is    a   question   of   relative  valies, 
t   do   not    stand  back  now   on   the    question   of   the    enfor ce- 
nt  of  your  health  laws. 

The    last   point  which   I  wioh  to   make   is    that    in   ap- 
pointing your   ccrrv!Ji'Ltees   of  nationij.  defense,    you  appoint 
a  physician^    as  Dr,    Martir.  has   asked   you  tc    do,    and  that 
you  request   the  msctical  representative   on   your   state  beard 


of  defense. to  form  a  subcommittee  on  hygiene  and  sanitation. 
This  is  particularly  important  in  those  states  in  which 
there  will  be  mobilization  of  armed  forces,  because  it  is 
necessary  that  the  civilian  unit  be  prevented  from  trans- 
mitting disease  to  the  military  forces,  and  it  is  equally 
important  that  the  military  forces  be  prevented  from  trans- 
I  mitting  disease  to  the  civilian  unit  upon  which  the  mili- 
tary hnit  roust,  depend  for  food  items.    I  would  urge  that 
you,  in  the  exercise  of  your  police  powers  and  through 
the  influence  of  your  committee  on  hygiene  and  sanitation, 
so  far  as  possible,  to  see  to  it  that  your  communities  in 
the  immediate  environment  of  military  camps  have  no  in- 
fectious or  contagious  diseases.   They  must  be  stamped 
out  as  soon  as  they  a  ppear.    See  to  it  that  they  have  a 
good  water  supply,  and  that  that  supply  is  safeguarded  to 
prevent  pollution.   Also  that  you  take  the  appropriate 
measures,  by  the  exercise  of  your  police  power,  for  the 
prevention  of  prostitution  in  the  neighborhood  of  camps, 
because  when  all  is  said  and  done,  typhoid,  malaria,  and 
venerial  diseases  are  the  scourges  of  armies.    We  must 
not  send  sick  men  to  France.   We  must  send  a  healthy  body 
of  American  citizens  who  are  there  to  carry  on  in  full 

»  health  this  great  battle  for  the  protection  of  the  civili- 
tion  of  the  worJ.-&.     (Applause) 
MR.  GIFFOHD.    Gentlemen,  our  next  talk  will  be  by 
Mr.  George  Creel,  of  the  committee  on  public  information. 
Mr.  Creel,  ycv>.  all  know,  is  a  well  known  and  famous  maga- 
zine writer,  and  I  do  not  need  to  tell  you  anything  about 
him. 

/*7      • 


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STATEMENT    OF  MB.    GEORGE   CREEL. 


MR.    CREEL.         I  want   to    speak   co   you  a  vary  frank  word 
praise  of  T,he  press.        We  Americans   have   always  given 
certain   amount   of   iip   service   to    the   p~ess,    but   down   in 
ir  hearts  we  have   looked   upon   the  press    somewhat    in  the 
ight   of    a  necessary  evil.         We  have  kepi    it    outside   of 
Le  council  chambers.        That    is   all   changed,    I  think.      War 
ith  all   its  activity   is   new  a  pari;   of   oar  daily  life,    and 
)u  must  now  take   the   press    into    cooperation  with  you. 
You  are   going   to  find  from   it   most   encouraging  support. 

We   are   today  operating   in   the  United  States  by  virtue 
a  voluntary  censorship,        Everything   is    suppressed  vol- 
ltarily  that    i;3   aeercei  prejudicial  to    the  military  af- 
tirs   of   the    country.         There    is   no   law  whatever,    ana    yet 
ere    is   no    ^aper    ^n  the    Jait  t    has    told 

where   our  fleet    is.        There    is   nc   Law   except   patriotism. 
and  we  have  had  the   cooperation  of    the    press,      (Applause) 
What  you  are  doing  here  today,   what   you  are   speaking 
:re  today,    would  not    go  beyond  this   room   if    it  were  not 
)r  the    gentlemen  here    Bending   it   out-        This   comrir.tiee   of 
.iblic    information  is   bringing  the  press    into  the  council 
the   nations* 

I   should  like   to    suggest   that   you  Governors   appoint 
advisory  committee   that  will  cover    the    press   of  the 
ttire   state,    have   all   your   sources   of    information  col- 
lected  and  brought   through  certain   channels,         I   do   not 
mean  have   a  publicity  department   for   the    givinfeout   of 
news.        The  newspapers   dc   nat    like    canned  news.         j3ut  what 
they  would   like  would  be  to  have   your   channels   of informa- 


on   opened  up,    take   the   dead  wood   out   of   it,    let   the   people 
derstand  what   is   going  on,    open   up  all  these   sources   of 
or  mat  ion   and   give  the  newspaper  men   something   to   do, 
X  think  you  can  do    that   by  an   advisory  committee   of 
the   government.        Then  there  will  be   some    central   control, 
and   the    central  bureau  can   communicate  with  Washington, 
wth  the  bureau  of   which   I   am  the   head.      That   does   not   mean 
trol.      It  means   cooperation.        If  you  have  a  roan   out 
re    that   I  can   send  for  and   talk  to   and   say.    This    is 
ortant.        This    should  be   emphasized,    you  would  get   good 
results   right   away  andyou  can  only  get   your  cooperation 
with  the   press    in  that  way.,    and   you  will  get  a  wonderful 
lot   out   of    it. 

And  when  you  have  this   committee,    I  would   suggest 
that  you   invite   the   press   in   for   conference  with   it.      The 
press   representatives   can  give  you   ideas.        Get   them  to- 
gether,    and  make  them  en  organization  of    state  editorial 
ociations.        State   editorial  associations  have  always 
een  pathetic  affairs.        You  have   your   country  papers 
together,    and   the   city  papers  holding  aloof.         In   this 
way,    you  will  be  able    to   get   all  the  papers  getting  to- 
gether  sitting  opposite  you  in  your   organizations,    and  you 
vrould  have  wonderful  results.         It    is   a  question   of   recog- 
nition,   in  your*   states.      It    is  a  great   factor   in  any   intel- 
ligent  scheme   of  preparedness.         (Applause) 

THE    CHAIRMAN:         I  will  now   ask  Dr.    Hale,    of  the  Na- 
tional Research  Council,    to   describe   to   you  the   function 
and  activities    of   that    council    In   relation   to  national 
defense. 


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ADDRESS  OP  DR.  GEO.  E.  HALE. 


is  its  demonstration  of  the  importance  of  scientific  re- 
search in  strengthening  the  national  defense.    Soon  after 
the  opening  of  hostilities,  England  and  France  were  faced 
with  industrial  and  military  demands  soluble  only  in  their 
research  laboratories.    Looking  ahead,  it  was  seen  that 
the  conclusion  of  peace  would  be  followed  by  a  trade  war 
with  Germany,  in  which  no  industry  not  perfected  by  scien- 
tific research  could  be  expected  to  survive.    As  a  con- 
sequence there  arose  through  governmental  action  in  Eng- 
land, France,  Australia,  New  Zealand  and  Canada  a  group 
of  research  organizations  charged  with  the  mobilization 
of  scientific  men   and  laboratories  for  the  study  of  mili- 
tary andindustrial  problems.    The  value  of  their  contri- 
butions to  military  practice  has  been  recognized  by  the 
1'rench  Minister  of  war  and  by  Sir.  Douglas  haig  in  his 
reports  from  the  front.    The  success  of  their  efforts  to 
relieve  industrial  distress  resulting  from  the  stoppage 
of  exclusively  German  products  has  greatly  enhanced  the 
appreciation  of  scientific  research  by  British  and  French 
manufacturers.    Thus  the  scientific  methods  which  lie  at 
the  basis  of  Germany's  military  and  industrial  strength 
have  been  effectively  adopted  by  the  Governments  and 

fpleg-  of  the  Entente. 
In  April,  1916,  soon  after  the  attack  on   the  "eussex" 
and  our  consequent  demands  for  the  cessation  ofsuomarine 
warfare  had  developed  a  critical  situation  with  Germany, 
the  President  requested  the  National  Academy  of  Sciences 


t&vi'i   y\ 


; 


^.  -■.  ■  .- 


to  organize  the  scientific  resources  of  the  United  States 
in  the  interest  of  national  security  and  welfare.    The 
request  of  the  President  called  for  immediate  and  v.-Lgorous 
acta  on.   Ke  expressed  the  desire  that  the  Academy  should 
coordinate  the  scientific  resources  of  the  entire  country 
and  secure  the  cooperation  of  all  agencies,  governmental, 
educational,  and  industrial,  in  which  research  facilities 

Ie  available. 
The  National  Research  Council,  comprising  the  chiefs 
of  the  technical  bureaus  of  the  Army  and  Navy,  the  heads 
of  Government  bureaus  engaged  in  scientific  research,  a 
group  of  invest. igators  representing  educational  institu- 
tions and  research  foundations,  and  another  group  includ- 
ing representatives  of  industrial  and  engineering  research 
was  accordingly  constituted  with  the  active  cooperation  of 

t  leading  national  scientific  and  engineering  societies. 
:  representatives  of  the  Government  were  appointed  by 
the  President,  who  premised  his  cordial  support  and  the 
cooperation  cf  the  Government  departments.    Subsequently, 
(February  £8,  1917)  the  Council  of  National  Defense  adopt- 
ed the  following  resolution; 

"RESOLVED,  That  the  Council  of  National  Defense, 
recognizing  that  the  National  hesearch  OounJil,  at 
the  request  of  the  President  of  the  United  States, 
has  organized  the  scientific  forces  of  the  country 
in  the  interest  of  national  defense  and  national 
welfare,  requests  that  the  National  Research  Coun- 
cil cooperate  with  it  in  natter  pertaining  to  scien- 
tific research  for  national  defense:  and  to  this  end 

/&3 


the  Council  of  National  pefense  suggests  that  the 
National  Be  search  Council  appoint  a  commit  tee  cf 
not,  more  than  three,  at  3. east  one  of  whom  shalJ  he 
located  in  Washington,  for  the  purpose  of  maintain- 
ing active  relations  with  the  Director  of  the  Coun- 
cil of  National  Defense". 

Since  that  time  the  Notional  fieseareh  Ccunci]  has  act- 
ed as  a  department  of  the  Council  of  National  3efen3e, 
charged  with  the  organisation  of  scientific  researches 
bearing  on  the  national  defense  and  on  industries  affected 
by  the  war. 

Wo r  V;  •: f  t he  B e s e ar 3 h  6 o un oil. 
In  times  of  peace  the  wcrV  of  the  Research  Council  in- 
volves the  promotion  of  research  :;n  every  department  of  pure 
and  applied  science.   At  present,  however,  the  attention  of 
the  Council  is  concentrated  en  war  problems,  both  military 
and  industrial,    Let  us  see  how  these  are  attacked. 

The  Military  Committee  consists  of  the  Burgeon  General 
of  the  Army,  the  Medical  Dire.-; tor  of  the  Nav^,  che  Chiefs 
of  Ordnance  of  the  Army  and  Navy,  the  Chief  Signal  Officer 
of  the  Army,  the  Chief  Naval  Constructor,  the  Engineer  in 
Chief  of  the  Navy,  and  the  Director  of  the  Bureau  of  Mines, 
the  Chief  of  the  Weather  Bureau.,  the  Director  of  the  Geo- 
logical Survey,  Mr.  Howard  Ccffia  of  the  Advisory  Commission 
of  the  Council  of  National  [Defense,  the  Director  of  the 
.  Bureau  of  Standards  (Ser.reca-.-y),  and  the  Secretary  of  the 
Smithsonian  institution  (Chairman,1*    This  comaitt.ee  for- 
mulates most,  of  -i/he  military  pr^'Me^s,  designating  in  each 
case  an  officer  Xn   cne   cf  the  technical  "bureaus  of  the 

/by 


Army  or  Navy  who  is  familiar  with  the  requirement  and  with 
whom  the  investigator  engaged  in  the  work  may  keep  in  touch. 
Dr.  Robert  A.  Millikan,  Vice  Chairman  of  the  Council  charg- 
ed with  the  correlation  of  researches  bearing  on  the  nation- 
al defense,  then  organizes  the  investigation  by  enlisting 
the  services  of  one  or  more  men  especially  .qualified  by 
experience  and  laboratory  equipment.    If ,  as  is  usually 
advisable,  several  research  men  attack  theproblem  simul- 
taneously, Dr,  Millikan  arranges  for  any  desired  coopera- 
tion between  them.    Freedom  of  initiative  is  encouraged, 
and  any  attempt  at  hampering  control  or  interference  with 
the  freedom  of  action  required  for  successful  research  is 
carefully  avoided. 

The  above  remarks  relate  more  particularly  to  phy- 
sical research,  though  Dr.  Millikan''  s  field  of  activity 
embraces  a  much  wider  range.   Associated  with  him  in 
V/ashington  are  Dr.  Bogert,  Chairman  of  the  Chemistry  Com- 
mittee, and  Dr.  Vaughan,  Chairman  of  the  Committee  on 
Medicine  and  Hygiene.    These  Chairmen  and  those  of  the 
other  committeesof  the  Research  Council*  are  constantly 
engaged  in  organizing  researches  in  their  respective 
ields,  in  cooperation  With  the  Military  Committee  and  with 

.  Millikan.     In  this  way,  a  most  helpful  and  inspiring 
ssociation  of  our  individual  investigators,  our  universi- 
ies,  our  industries,  and  the  various  branches  of  our  Ped- 
ral  Government,  is  being  brought  about  --  a  cooperation 
which  is  of  the  utmost  value  to  any  country  and  which  is 
vital  to  it  in  time  of  war. 

It  may  be  of  interest  here  to  give  some  illustrations 


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of   the  ways   in  which  the   various   committees   are   ccntribut- 

Ig  to   the   rati  oral   defense. 
Mathematics   (Dr.    E,    H.   Moore,    Chairman)    and  Astronomy 
(Dr.    E.    c.    Pickering.    Chairman).  Hydrodynamioal   inves. 

.vatlons   bearing  on   shin  designs   and    improvement    of  air- 
ft.        Statistical   studies  and  computations  required   in 
field.         Optical   devices   for   lookouts,    to   facilitate 
detection   of   the  periscopes   of   submarines. 
Physica   (Dr.    R.    A,    Kill  Hum,    Chairr.cn).  Exhaustive 

idy  of   devices  for  detecting  completely  Bulged   sab- 
marines   ad  mines-    rar-e  finders    of  -various   types;    devices 
for  detecting   invisible   a^-^i£z   and   8appi.iS  parties;    im- 
provements   in  w-elsss   apparatus   and  other    instruments   used 
with   aircraft;    oilitdr5   photograph, 

Chemistry  frr.   War. Sou  T.    Begers,    Chairman)        General 
tion,    detection   and   absorption   of    hydrogen,    and  problems 
incidental   thereto-    absorption   of   other   gases,    particularly 
noxious   enes;    fiPe   extinguishes;    prevention   of    corrosion 
^i  electrolytic    action   on   the   h,,n,    cf   ve„eJLs.    nou_corro„ 
sive  metals  and  alloy*   for  a  greet  variety  of  uses;   balloon 
fabrics;    fabrics  f:,    a*u,y  Blinker.;    bacteriological  and 
biological   stains,    synthetic  drugs      spaois.i  regents   for 
investigators;    new  explorivaa;    new   WOen   of   important 
Products;    utilization   of  wastes   and    by-products, 
j  Botany  (Pr,    j.    M,    Ocu Iter,    Chairs)        Organization 

*  a  botanical  raw  products   clearing  h.v.se,    to   aid  manu- 
facturers needing  raw  products   cf   a    botanioa?    nature,    such 
a«gums,    oils,    resin.,    fibres,  wood,    etc.    to   find   either 
new  geographical   sources    or   new   sr.ee  if- o    sour-ea 


/<£<£ 


Geography,  (Dr<  V.  11.    Davis,  Chairman)    Special  maps 
for  military  purposes;  instructions  forthe  use  of  topo- 
graph jc  maps;  handbooks  on  military  areas;  physiographic 
features  of  the  United  States. 

Geology  (Dr.  J.  H.  Clarke,  Chairman]    Camp  sites; 
finding  of  water  supply;  materials  for  road  building;  topo- 
graphic structure  of  military  areas;  supply  of  necessary 
minerals. 

Medicine  and  Hygiene  (Dr.  Victor  C.  Vaughan,  Chairman) 
and  Physiology  (Dr.  Walter  E»  Cannon,  Chairman;    Anti- 
toxins and  seruns  for  diptheria,  tetanus,  pneumonia,  dysen- 
tery arid  meningitis;  intradermal  method  of  vaccinating  for 
smallpox;  polyvalent  vaccines  for  typhoid  fever;  sterili- 
zation of  drinking  water;  toxicity  of  preserved  foods;  sol- 
diers clothing  and  blankets;  infected  wounds;  shock;  fat- 
igue; occupational  disea  ses,  with  special  reference  to 
munition  workrs;  protection  of  the  ear  from  high  explos- 
ives;, instruction  of  Army  and  Navy  surgeons  in  the  Carrel 
method  of  antiseptic  surgery. 

Anthropology  (Dr.  W.  H.  Holmes,  Chairman)  and  Anatomy 

.  H.  H.  Donald sot,  Chairman).    P  hysical  and  hygenic 

uirements  of  recruits  fcr  the  Army  and  IJavy;  D.anguage 

:quirements;  condition  of  teeth;  abnormalities;  minimum 

ight  and  weight;  standardization  of  measurements;  data 

id  materials  for  scientific  research. 

Psychology  (Dr.  Robert  M.  Yerkes,  Chairman)    Organ- 
ization of  psychological  tests  for  use  in  recruiting,  to 
eliminate  mental  defectives  and  nervous  types;  selection 
of  recruits  especially  adapted  for  aviation  and  other 


:  *  a    '.  \:-  ■    •■-  -j  •*• 


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difficult  tasks;  study  and  treatment  of  returned  soldiers, 
nervously  or  mentally  affected;  aid  in   re-education  of 
partially  incapacitated  men;  aid  in  deciding  government 
liability  aid  award  of  pensions. 

Engineering  (Mr.  Gano  Dunn,  Chairman)    This  com- 
mittee, which  will  organize  research  in  the  various 
branches  of  engineering,  has  just  been  organized  with 
the  cooperation  of  the  national  engineering  societies. 

In  addition  to  the  above  general  committees,  the 
K«- search  Council,  has  a  number  of  special  committees 
dealing  with  important  problems. 

Nitrate  Supply  (Dr.  Arthur  A,  Noyes,  Chairman) 
This  committee,  which  was  appointed  at  the  request  of 
the  Secretary  of  War  to  consider  the  process  to  be  used 
by  the  Government  in  its  plant  for  ptiaducing  nitrates  for 
explosives  and  fertilizers,  has  submitted  a  full  report. 

Food  (Dr.  ^lonzo  Taylor,  Chairman)    This  committee 
is  working  in  cooperation  with  the  Department  of  Agri- 
culture and  with  Mr.  Hoover's  Pood  Committee. 

An  extensive  investigation  of  the  toxicity  of  pre- 
served foods  is  also  -being  conducted  by  Dr.  Rosenau  in 
consultation  with  an  advisory  committee  named  by  the 
Research  Council, 

Optical  Glass  (Dr.  Robert  A.  Millikan,  Chairman) 
through  the  cooperation  of  the  Bureau  of  Standards  and 
the  Geophysical  Laboratory  of  the  Carnegie  Institution  of 
Washington  with  glass  manufacturers,  the  problem  of  sup- 
)lying  optical  glass  for  military  purposes  is  well  ad- 
ranced  toward  solution. 


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Foreign  Service  Committee  (Dr.  Joseph  S.  Ames,  Chair- 
man)   The  first  step  in  any  to  rk  of  research  is   to  learn 
what  has  already  been  accomplished  in  the  same  field. 
Great  progress  has  been  made  abroad  since  the  beginning 
of  the  war  by  thescientif ic  investigators  of  the  Allied 
countries.   A  committee  has  accordingly  been  sent  to 
Europe  to  report  from  the  front  on  scientific  matters   of 
t;very  kind  and  to  arrange  for  cooperation  in  the  study  of 
questions  still  underlying  military  and  industrial  prob- 
lems.   This  committee  includes  two  physicists,  two  chem- 
ists, one  metallurgist,  and  two  representatives  of  medicine 
and  hygiene. 

Committees  of  the  Research  Council  not  immediately 
engaged  an  national  defense  questions  are  those  on  the 
Promotion  of  Industrial  Research  (Dr.  J.  J.  Carty,  Chair- 
man) and  on  Zoology  (Dr.  Edwin  G.  Conklin,  Chairman).   The 
members  of  the  Agriculture  6omaoittee  (Dr.  Raymond  Pearl, 
Chairmen)  are  cooperating  w&h  the  Department  of  Agriculture 
in  the  mobilization  and  development  of  the  agricultural 
resources  of  the  country. 

Census  of  Research. 

A  national  census  of  the  research  facilities  of  Gov- 
ernment bureaus,  educational  institutions,  research  found- 
ations, and  industrial  research  laboratories  is  being  taken 
by  the  Research  Council.    The  forms  from  educational  insti- 
tutions, which  are  clming  in  rapidly,  contain  much  valuable 
information  bearing  on  the  solution  of  defense  problems. 
Porms  for  other  institutions  are  new  being  sent  out. 

The  Committee  on  Research  in  Educational  Institutions 


/£? 


has  recommended  the  formation  of  Research  Committees  in 
universities,  colleges,  schools  of  technology,  and  other 
educational  institutions  where  research  is  conducted.   The 
Research  Committees  already  established  by  a  large  number 
of  institutions  in  response  to  this  request  serve  as  local 
organisations  which  work  in  cooperation  with  the  Research 
Council. 

Cooperation  with  State  Councils  of  Defense. 
The  organization  cf  the  National  Research  Council  is 
based  upon  the  principle  of  broad  and  effective  cooperation 
between  the  numerous  research  agencies  of  the  United  States 
and  those  of  the  Allied  countries.    The  Council  is  in  re- 
ality a  federation  of  research  laboratories  working  togeth- 
er toward  a  common  end.    At  present  its  chief  purpose  is  to 
assist  in  winning  the  war,  bo';h  by  the  perfection  of  mili- 
tary devices  and  by  the  solubionof  industrial  problems 
which  the  war  has  occasioned.    But  in  the  future,  as'  Al- 
ready stated,  it  will  devote  its  attention  to  the  promotion 
cf  research  in  all  branches  of  pure  and  applied  science. 

The  organization  of  researches  bearing  on  the  national 
lefense  frequently  involves  the  cooperative  effurt  of  many 

nvestigators  residing  in  differ*.  ent  states.    Sometimes 
;he  joint  action  of  an  entire  university  laboratory,  pro- 

ided  for  through  the  assisr.an:e  of  the  Research  Council 
bf  the  Univers^y  in  question,  is  essential  to  success. 
We  have  several  researches  in  hand  in  which  entire  labora- 
tories are  taking  part.    More  commonly,  however,  individual 
investigators  known  to  be  especially  qualified  are  enlisted 
by  the  National  Research  Council  from  widely  scattered  in- 

stitut  ionfu 

/To 


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!  : 


;■  <. 


Such  is  the  mode  of  procedure,  necessarily  followed  in 
the  study  of  national  problems,   local  questions  are  con- 
stantly arising,  however,  which  can  be  best  solved  through 
the  efforts  of  local  investigators  familiar  with  the  par- 
ticular industries  or  resources  involved,  acting  in  cooper- 
ation with  a  national  body  in  touch  with  researches  in  prog- 
ress at  home  and  abroad. 

We  accordingly  suggest  that  the  representatives  of" 
science  and  engineering,  or  the  Research  Committees  appoint- 
ed by  State  Councils  of  Defense  for  the  purpose  of  promot- 
ing through  scientific  investigations  the  industrial  and 
agricultural  development  of  the  several  States,  arrange  for 
close  cooperation  with  the  National  Research  Council..     In 
this  way  the  research  activities  of  the  States  may  be  co- 
ordinated with  one  another,  and  with  those  yC   the  national 
Government;  and  the  information  secured  by  the  National  Re- 
search Council  and  by  the  separate  State  organizations  may- 
be rendered  available  for  all* 

AFLRSSS  OF  MR.  HOWARD  E*  C0STX&. 

MR.  COFFIN.    Mr,  Chairman  and  Gentlemen:    I  have 
sat  here  and  heard  portions  of  the  meetings  of  the  last  two 
days,  and  particularly  I  should  have  disliked  to  miss  the 
very  enjoyable  session  of  last.  n*ght  when  most  of  the  peo- 
ple, I  think,  who  came  down  to  Washington  wir.h  the  idea 
that  everything  ought  bo  be  run  in  Borne  other  way  than  it  is 
being  run,  had  an  opportunity  to  get  the  matter  off  their 
minds.    (Laughter).    The  o#2y  serious  difference  between 
the  attitude  with  which  yon   struck  Washington  about  a  year 

/// 


and  a  half  ago  was  that  I  was  18  months  ahead  of  you,  and 
in  that  18  months,  I  have  learned  quite  a  few  things  which 
I  do  not  believe  can  be  learned  untjil  ori2   has  spent  time 
continuously  here,  and  has  come  to  understand  to  some  degree, 
at  least,  the  difficulties,  under  which  the  departments, 
end  the  men  in  the  departments,  do  their  work.    If  we  are 
looking  at  this  country  as  a  business  institution,  and  are 
looking  to  find  the  fundamental  difficulty  with  that  insti- 
tution, I  should  say  that  you  would  go  back  to  the  people 
of  the  United  States  who  elect  the  Congress  of  the  United 
States  which  makes  the  laws  which  govern  the  United  States, 
and  under  which  the  departments,  and  the  men  in  the  depart- 
ments are  far  too  often  handicapped  and  prevented  from  tak- 
ing action  which  they  realize  just  as  well  as  do  we  from  the 
outside,  should  be  taken,    (Applause). 

Within  the  last  18  months  I  have  seen  these  American 
institutions,  our  war  and  Navy  departments,  come  from  an 
aggregation  of  independent  units,  made  up  first  by  the  two 
large  units  of  the  War  and  Navy  departments,  with  no  or 
little  cooperation  of  any  kind  between  them,  made  up  in  turn 
of  independent  departments  within  these  large  units,  of  ten 
or  a  dozen  business  organizations,  separate  one  from  the 
other,  each  functioning  a  separate  business  institution, 
doing  their  own  purchasing  -  I  have  seen  the  situation  devel- 
op from  that  to  the  situation  as  it  exists  at  present,  where 

th^re  is  not  only  the  spirit  of  cooperation  all  along  the 

i 

line  between  these  departments,  both  large  and  small,  but 
where  there  i s  an  actual  coordination  through  the  centrali- 
zation of  many  of  their  activities  through  channels  which 


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art  coordinating  those  activities.    In  the  purchasing,  you 
have  heard  from  Mr.  Clifford  here  this  morning,  that  all  of 
major  products  are  being  bought  through  the  munitions  board. 
This  munitions  board  was  established,  in  my  particular  prov- 
ince of  the  work,  of  the  Council,  or  of  its  advisory  com- 
mission, as  has  also  been  the  aircraft  production  board, 
the  munitions  standards  board,  etc,  ,  and  most  of  the  ac- 
tivities of  the  motor  transport  end  of  the  work.    They  are 
beginning  to  tell  the  story  down  here  at  my  expense  about 
the  young  man  who  is  familiar  to  you  all,  I  think,  from 
your  boyhood  days,  about  how,  when  there  was  a  fence  to  be 
whitewashed,  he  worked  the  thing  out  vervy  nicely,  so  that 
it  waa  a  whole  lot  of  fun  for  someone  else  to  come  and 
whitewash  the  fence.    That  is  the  basis  on  which  I  have 
been  proceeding  with  the  work  that  has  been  assigned  to  me, 
because  I  consider  that  if  the  members  of  this  advisory  com- 
mission have  any  function  whatever,  here  in  Washington,  it 
is  to  serve  as  the  channel  or  the  vehicle,  if  you  like, 
through  which  the  creation  and  the  organization  of  the 
brains  of  this  country  may  be  brought  to  bear  upon  the  prob- 
lems which  confront  the  Government  at  this  time.    I  do  not 
believe  that  one  can  impress  that  thought  too  strongly  upon 
you,  because  we,  after  all,  are  all  of  us  responsible  for 
the  state  of  affairs  which  exists  here,  and  while  we  may 
feel  that  time  has  been  lost,  and  while  time  may  have  been 
lost  during  the  past  two  years,  when  many  of  us  have  thought 
we  could  see  the  situation  coming,  that  has  come,  never- 
theless, that  time  has  been  lost,  there  islittle  use  of  cry- 
ing over  spilled  milk,  and  the  thing  to  do  now  is  to  get  the 


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• 


brains  of  the  country  on  this  job,  and  solve  the  problem, 
and  not   only  for  the  best  interests  of  this  country,  but  of 
the  allied  powers  as  well.    (Applause) 

Now,  there  are  many  phases  of  this  work,  but  I  prefer 
to  deal  first  and  perhaps  entirely,  with  some  of  the  funda- 
mental matters  involved*    There  is  not  any  particular  mys- 
tery about  this  job  that  we  are  tackling.     It  is  just  a 
straight  forward  case  of  big  business  organization  and  exe- 
cution.   You  can  take  any  one  of  the  problems,  whether  it 
be'  big  guns,  clothing,  or  any  other  product  v/hich  must  be 

supplied  for  the  army.    Fortunately,  within  the  last  few 
days  we  have  gotten  the  legal  authorization  to  raise  an 

army  upon  a  business  principle.    We  will  not  now  have  to 
go  out  and  shock  the  country  into  a  hysterical  state  of 
emotion  in  order  to  force  the  requisite  number  of  men  to 
join  the  colors.    That  is  exactly  what  we  would  have  had  to 
do  under  a  voluntary  system,  and  we  would  hage  probably 
brought  avery  serious  businessdepression  while  working  it 
up,  because  that  sort  of  thing  upsets  every  avenue  of  ac- 
tivity.   Congress  has  voted  the  money,  it  has  voted  the 
means  of  raising  the  army,  for  organizing  the  industrial 

facilities  of  the  country  to  supply  the  needs,  and  there  is 
nothing  especially  to  be  excited  about.   We  have  to  set  our 
teeth  into  the  job  because  we  have  a  real  war  on  our  hands, 
and  if  it  is  not  possible  this  month,  or  even  nexjr  year  to 
finish  it,  we  cannot  expect  to  do  everything  and  accomplish 
everything  in  the  first  twenty  days  of  the  war.    There  are 
many  things  which  it  will  be  a  month  or  two  months  before 
it  will  be  wise  to  do. 

Take  this  matter  of  an  industrial  inventory.    If  there 


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is  any  one  thing  that  has  been  attacked,  and  put  my  name 
before  the  country,  it  is  the  industrial  inventory.    As 
you  know,  when  an  industrial  inventory  was  taken,  it  was 
necessary  to  use  the  services  of  some  30,000  engineers  of 
the  country  to  do  the  job.    You  would  think  I  would  be 
the  first  to  throw  up  my  hat  and  yell  for  an  industrial  in- 
ventory, but  I  am  not  sure  that  that  is  the  thing  we  want. 
In  50  days  we  will  know  more  wLf-t  we  want  alongthat  line. 
We  are  having  a  balance  sheet  made  up  at  the  moment  between 
the  nation  and  the  estimated  needs  of  equipping  the  army  and 
navy,  and  of  maintaining  those  forces  in  the  field  for  each 
period  of  foar  months,  and  we  are  setting  up  against  those 
requirements,  the  known  producing  capacities  of  the  coun- 
try, the  values  and  supply  of  materials  which  will  be  need- 
ed.   Now,  within  60  days  we  will  know  very  much  more  where 
the  shoe  is  going  to  pinch  than  we  do  at  the  moment.    We 
will  know  very  much  more  about  it  from  the  kind  of  informa- 
tion that  we  will  record  through  this  industrial  inventory, 
because  it  should  be  very  clear  to  you  that  if  we  went  out 
and  asked  the  question  which  we  may  want  to  know  about  the 
industrial  condition  of  the  various  states,  it  would  be 
like  an  unabridged  dictionary,  and  &0%   would  be  useless 
for  the  purpose  that  we  have  in  mind.   The  form  of  inven- 
tory which  we  have  used  has  its  objections.    Those  forms 
co.uld  not  be  made  comprehensive  enough  for  every  bit  of 
information  which  we  might  desire  to  have. 

More  and  more,  in  the  next  60  days,  the  state  activi- 
ties are  going  to  be  much  involved  in  the  recruiting  and 
enlisting  under  the  draft,  and  getting  the  personnel  feature 


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of  our  problem  in  shape,  so  that  while  I  am  certain  we  wii: 
want  an  industrial  inventory,  nevertheless,  you  must  remem- 
ber that  a  very  comprehensive  industrial  inventory  is  al- 
ready in  our  hands,  and  that  when  we  come  to  you  for  an  ad- 
ditional inventory,  we  went  to  make  it  cover  the  needs  which 
we  know  to  exist  *    v/e  are  going  to  find  that  we  have  in 
this  country  already  created,  through  2-1/2  or  at  least  2 
years,  of  the  execution  of  foreign  orders,  a  tremendous 
producing  capacity  in  the  equipment  necessary  for  war.   We 
have  after  all,  three  great  problems  before  us.    The  first 
is  to  facilitate  the  flow  to  the  allies  of  the  raw  materials 
and  manufactured  products  upon  which  they  are  dependent, 
or  for  which  they  ere  dependent  upon  us.    We  have,  second- 
ly, the  needs  of  our  own  great  building  problem.    Thirdly, 
we  must  plan  to  supply  those  needs  with  the  least  possible 
disarrangement  of  the  industrial  activities  of  the  country 
and  the  commercial  activities  of  the  country,  because,  after 
all,  we  must,  as  even  England  and  the  large  countries  at 
war  are  doing,  keep  an  eye  to  the  conditions  which  will  ex- 
ist in  this  country  following  the  war.    If  we  are  to  hold 
this  country  with  its  present  great  place  among  nations,  we 
murt  go  exercise  our  planning  ability  that  we  do  not  un- 
necessarily and  unduly  upset  the  commercial  activities  of 
the  country  which  are  so  necessary  to  keep  us  going  as  a 
successful  business  machine  and  a  great  world  power.    If 
$rhere  has  ever  been  a  time  in  the  history  of  this  world, 
when  a  country  should  be  maintained  upon  a  successful  busi- 
ness basis,  that  time  is  during  a  war,  and  especially  a  war 
under  modern  conditions.    If  we  do  keep  this  country  going 


/ 


7^ 


• 


in  a  reasorable  way  upon  that  basis,  we  will  find  that  the 
difficulties  of  meeting  the  necessary  taxes,  the  necessary 
levies,  whether  for  "bonds,  investment,  or  for  meeting  the 
expenses  of  the  government  through  direct  taxation,  thosx 
difficulties  will  be  very  much  lightened  to  all  of  us  in- 
dividually, provided  the  business  institutions  of  this  coun- 
try have  gone  ahead  upcn  a  basis  which  will  keep  them  going 
.and  successful  concerns.     It  should  be  clear  to  you  that 
you  should  meet  the  needs  of  this  war  in  so  far  as  possible^ 
through  profits  rather  than  through  subtractions  from  cap- 
ital. 

Now,  I  have  been  asked  to  say  a  word  to  you  on  the 
subject  of  aircraft.    This  is  naturally  a  new  subject  to 
all  of  us.   During  the  8  years  previous  to  1916  the  United 
States  government  purchased  59  aeroplanes.    Those  aeroplanes 
were  made  by  a  half  dozen  different  manufacturers,  so  that 
it  should  be  clear  to  ail  of  us  that  there  was  no  encourage- 
ment in  any  way,  shape  or  manne"  to  the  development  of  the 
aircraft  industry  in  this  country.    Now  great  industries 
are  not  created  over  night.   Neither  the  manufacturing  equip- 
ment nor  the  personnel  is  available  at  the  present  time  to 
meet  the  needs  of  this  country.    We  must  start  at  the  bot- 
tom.   We  must  organize  the  aircraft  industry.    We  must 
teach  the  personnel,  train  the  men.     To  give  you  some  idea 
of  the  necessity  for  this  sort  of  thing,  which  possibly  is 
not  so  apparent  to  many  of  us,  most  of  you  saw  a  few  days 
ago,  a  note  in  the  papers  that  28  Allied  aeroplanes  had  been 
shot  down  in  one  single  advance  on  the  English  front.   Com- 
ment was  made  on  this,  that  it  was  a  very  great  percentage 
of  loss.    In  talking  with  one  of  the  English  commissioners 
a  week  later,  he  told  me  that  that  28  machines  shot  down  did 

'77 


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■  i  ' 


not  represent  any  appreciable  percentage  at  all,  because 
during  this  particular  advanoe,  at  this  one  particular 
point,  there  were  1000  Allied  aeroplanes  in  the  air  at  a 
single  time.    This  will  give  you  some  idea  of  the  develop- 
ment of  this  art.    I  do  not  think  any  of  us  here  have  any 
realization  of  it.    There  is  not  a  movement  made  by  either 
army  in  Europe  that  is  not  made  either  plainly,  or  nine 
times  out  of  ten  hopelessly,  unless  the  eyes  of  the  airmen 
have  the  record  of  the  move.    Then- the  eyes  of  the  airmen 
are,  so  far  as  possible,  spotting  the  effect  of  every  shot, 
and  if  any  particular  point  is  made  the  subject  of  attack,, 
every  square  foot  of  the  ground  for  miles  in  every  direc- 
tion, is  photographed  in  advance  of  a  movement,  and  I  have 
myself  seen  charts  taken  from  two  or  three  miles  high  in 
the  air,  which  have  -been  magnified  in  the  process  of  print- 
ing for  military  purposes,  so  that  not  only  can  be  told  the 
lay  of  the  land  the  location  of  every  trench,  the  location 
of  every  transport  train,  but  often  the  activities  almost 
of  the  inhabitants  of  the  country  behind  the  lines.    These 
photographs  taken  at  one  minute  intervals,  from  as  I  say* 
three  miles  up  in  the  sky>  anfi  properly  magnified,  may  be 
made  to  practically  dover  the  routine  of  even  a  peaceful 
farmer  miles  behind  this  lines.    For  instance,  I  have  had 
military  observers  point  out  to  roe  on  those  charts,  that 
this  dot  on  this  particular  road,  represents  a  man  who  lives 
in  the  suburbs  of  this  village  and  who  is  going  in  to  market 
that  morning.   We  ask  "How  do  you  know  that  he  went  there". 
Other  series  of  charts  showed  that  the  roan  kept  on  going 
down  the  road,  turned  into  this  particular  shop,  dame  out 
agap,  and  went  to  his  home  in   the  suburbs.    (Laughter  and 
applause) 

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>   ,  p^   :-      9     ^   <•• .  ■•   ; -  ■  -      • 

^    :  ;    f      .     ;u  .  ;     t   :      ;..-?    ^o  "'i 


That  may  seen  to  you  like  an  exaggeration.    It  is 
proof  of  the  ability  to  keep  the  aircraft  in  the  air  over 
the  enemy'  s  lines,  and  it  should  "be  clear  to  you  that  it 
is  our  aircraft  which  must  be  kept  in  the  air^  and  if  the 
building  program  of  tne  Allied  countries  can  be  brought 
to  such  a  point  that  they  may  have  at  all  times  an  excess 
of  from  five  to  ten  or  twenty  thousand  aeroplanes  behind 
the  allied  lines,  over  the  number  behind  the  German  lines, 
it  should  be  very  clear  to  us  that  the  German  artillery 
men  will  be  shooting  blindly  while  the  Allied  artillery 
will  be  finding  its  mark.     Consequently,  it  is  not  such 
a  far  cry  when  you  sometimes  hear  men  predict  that  the  ul- 
timate determination  of  this  war  will  be  through  the  use  of 
the  craft  of  the  air, 

Now,  taking  up  that  work  for  a  moment  in  this  country, 

we  have  to  start  at  the  beginning.    We  fere  hard  at  work  now 

with  various  of  the  universities  of  the  country,  who  from 

now  until  the  end  of  the  war,  will  maintain  cadet  corps, 

which 
from/the  aircraft  will  be  recruited.    It  has  been  the  rule 

of  the  British  service  that  no  man  who  has  ever  flown  an 
aeroplane  shall  be  taken  into  the  service  as  a  beginner. 
They  desire  to  take  new  men,    men  with  an  engineering  and  a 
military  training  if  possible,  and  take  them  in  the  begin- 
ning, and  train  them  in  accordance  with  the  dictates  of 
policy  which  has  been  established  through  the  bifeter  service 
of  an  actual  warfare.    That  is  exactly  the  basis  upm 
which  we  are  proceeding,  and  in  everything  which  we  do,  we 
are  going  to  coordinate  our  activities  in  the  most  thorough 
manner  with  the  representatives  of  the  allied  powers  who  are 


77f 


■ 


;      ■: 


,     ;.  a: :  sen-    '-.i 


\. 


"«•;  ■     ."" 


here  with  us.    So  that  we  will  l&cse  the  very  least  possible 
time,  and  make  the  fewest  possible  mistakes,  and  I  Venture 
to  predict  that  within  one  year,  the  people  of  this  coun- 
try, no  matter  what  part  of  the  country  they  may  live  int 
will  be  very  much  more  familiar  with  the  speck  in  tine  air 
which  represents  a  flying  machine  than  they  are  today. 
(Applause) 

The  Commission  has  the  habit  of  wishing  upon  me  most 
of  the  subjects  which  the  other  members  of  the  commission 
feel  that  they  would  rather  dodge,  so  that  I  fall  heir  to 
quite  a  variety  of  activities.   The  motor  transport  I  will 
touch  upon  for  a  moment  because  it  is  interesting  to  all  of 
you.    There  has  been  a  feeling  upon  the  part  of  some  of 
the  patriotic  organizations  of  the  country,  and  others,  that 
all  of  the  motor  cars  of  the  country  ought  to  be  inventoried 
forthwith,  because  the  United  States  Army  may  commandeer 
them  all,  and  inasmuch  as  we  have  some  3,200,000  cars  in 
service  on  the  road  today  that  is  of  course  quite  a  consider- 
able contract.    As  a  matter  of  fact,  except  in  rare  instan- 
ces, for  the  immediate  moment,  it  is  not  probable  that  the 
United  States  may  commandeer  a  single  car.    It  is  not  the 
policy  to  utilise  second  hand  cars,  even  temporarily,  or 
permanently,  involving  adjustments,  etc.  ,  in  taking  over  the 
machines.   The  motor  car  industry  of  this  country  is  really 
able  to  supply  every  vehicle  of  the  kind  that  the  War  Depart- 
ment does  want,  andneeds,  and  just  what  is  the  latest  devel- 
opment on  the  other  side.     Consequently  I  do  not  think 
that  there  need  be  any  time  wasted  in  Iowa,  for  instance,  in 
inventorying  all  the  materials,  because  that  there  is  not 


J80 


...r- 


*  ■     .  ** 


_.,      - 


-  —t    ....   -  .        . 


- 


once  chance  in  a  thousand  that  they  will  be  called  upon. 
I  merely  bring  this  up  as  one   of  the  lines  of  activity 
that  is  unnecessary,  in  order  that  the  interest  and  effort 
may  be  converted  to  something  more  useful. 

Sow  we  are  not' going  to  tell  you  in  this  one  meeting 
in  Washington  all  the  things  that  we  v/ant  this  state  coun- 
cil to  do.    You  are  going  to  find,  as  time  goes  on,  and 
we  get  further  into  this  thing,  that  there  are  going  to  be 
many  things  that  the  states  will  be  called  upon  to  do,  so 
that  I  think  that  even  though  you  may  go  back  home  as  some 
of  the gentlemen  expressed  themselves  last. night,  as  feeling 
that  you  can't  carry  very  definite  instructions  as  to  ex- 
actly what  you  will  do  first,  I  do  not  think  that  you  ought 
to  be  discouraged. 

To  give  you  a  practically  illustration  of  accomplish- 
ment, take  one  of  the  boards  that  have  been  created  in  my 
sector  of  the  work,  take  the  munitions  standards  board  of 
the  general  munitions  beard.   All  of  you  have  heard  dis- 
cussions as  to  the  ability  of  this  country  to  build  rifles, 
machine  guns,  big  guns,  and  many  other  commodities  neces- 
sary for  the  arming  of  a  very  large  force.    I  have  been 
told,  for  instance,  that  the  capacity  to  manufacture  rifles 
in  this  country  is  not  more  than  10CO  or  50O>rifles  a  day4 
and  that  it  would  take  many  years  to  produce  rifles.    The 
munitions  standards  board  has  put  this  problem  in  the  hands 
of  five  men,  as  knowing  the  most  about  the  problems  involved, 
men  of  the  type  of  John  Ottison,  of  the  Winchester  Arms 
Company,  Samuel  Vaullain,  of  the  Baldwin  Locomotive  Works, 
Francis  Partt,  of  the  General  Electric  Company,  Frank  Scott,, 


■;•,       :  I 


• 


•'   '--    - 


... 


'  t 

f  ■    mi 

,    ;.           . •. :   • 

■     ":•'■     £3 

v-  •  -. 


•,.•  ;-      : 


-.    . 


■; 


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. 


:    3  .J  U. 


of  Warner  and  Swaaey,  or  E.  A.  Deeds,  formerly  general  man- 
ager of  the  Notional  Cash  Register  Company,  W.  H.  Vander- 
voort.    These  men  all  know  the  broad  features  of  the 
problem  with  which  they  are  confronted.   Mr.  John  Ottison 
is  a  master  of  small  arms  production,  and  the  ammunition 
therefor.    Consequently  the  question  of  machine  guns  and 
the  ammunition  for  them  v&b   assigned  to  him.   He  immediate- 
ly created  subcommittees  dealing  with  these  subjects,  and 
due  to  the  meetings  that  he  has  called  of  these  subcommit- 
ties,  dealing  with  small  arms,  machine  guns,  ammunition, 
etc. ,  we  find  that  there  is  a  capacity  in  this  country  of 
17,000  to  20,000  rifles  a  day.   (Applause). 

More  small  arms  and  munitions  than  the  whole  world  can 
use  in  the  next  ten  years  can  be  made  here.    The  machine 
gun  test,  is  not  to  be  held  until  May,  and  in  the  meanwhile 
machine  guns  are  bought. 

Now,  I  simply  bring  these  points  out  to  show  you  that 
through  the  Council  of  National  Defense,  as  Mr.  Gifford 
has  pointed  out,  we  are  able  to  draw  into  the  Government  de- 
partments, and  into  the  activities  of  preparation  at  this 
end,  the  master  brains  in  the  various  lines  of  work. 

Take  the  problem  of  the  big  guns.    You  hear  that  our 
production  is  limited,  that  we  have  no  big  guns  for  the  Army. 
That  is  an  a  sense  true.    Our  capacity  is  limited  because 
w e  do  not  want,  and  will  not  obstruct  the  flow  of  forgings 
of  the  machine  parts  forthese  big  guns  to  Allied  governments. 
In  consequence,  we  will  have  to  create  some  source  of  supply 
in  that  line.    On  the  other  hand,  if  we  send  a  force  to 
Europe,  as  it  is  anticipated  that  we  shall  the  statement 


/S2 


»- 


..?  .c. 


n. '.'. 


:>    ^    ■•.  .  •   •• 


■■•'.-'-- 


j  ■;  ■  -  "■ 


I 


■l.: 


- 


•   . '  ;  r  '  :.    ;  : 


has  beenmade  by  the  representatives  of  the  foreign  coun- 
tries, that  if  it  should  be  our  decision  to  send  American 
standards  to  the  fighting  line  in  Europe,  equipped  with 
American  ammunition,  that  it  will  be  their  prayer  that  the 
ship  bearing  those  commodities  will  be  torpedoed.    In 
short,  if  we  send  any  unstandard  equipment,  it  would  re- 
sult only  in  confusion,  and  it  would  be  a  very  questionable 
doubt  whether  or  not  we  would  be  of  any  real  use  on  the  joV 
As  a  result,  any  equipment  supplied  the  fighting  force  to 
be  sent  to  Europe,  must  be  standardized  with  European  equip- 
ment.    Otherwise  we  should  have  to  establish  extensive 
factories  o£  our  own  in  France.   We  could  not,  in  any  way, 
utilize  the  existing  and  highly  organized  mechanisms  which 
have  already  been  created  there  for  dealing  with  the  repp ;  ' 
and  maintenance  end  upkeep  of  all  the  equipment  needed  for 
war  purposes.    The  producing  equipment  of  England  and 
France  today  for  these  war  materials  is  in  excess,  in  so 
far  as  munitions  especially  are  concerned,  of  the  needs  of 
the  situation.    In  short,  the  allied  powers  are,  Jf  any- 
thing, over  ammunition,  and  industries  devoted  to  the  pro- 
duction of  ammunition  in  England,  are   being  slowed  down  be- 
cause of  the  surplus,  and  it  will  toot  be  used  until  the 
greater  numbers  of  big  guns  are  in  service  there,    This 
means,  looking  at  it  from  our  standpoint,  that  there  will 
be  practically  no  renewal  except  in  special  instances,  of 
the  tremendous  orders  for  munitions,  in  the  line  of  ammu- 
nition, shells,  etc.,  which  heve  been  placed  in  this  coun- 
try during  the  past  two  years,  and  I  have  a  list  here  on  the 
table  before  me  of  some  three  or  four  hundred  concerns  in 

/8^> 


:•;  -or: 


.  h 


:     •        ;  i     ;:.i         ..:.  v 


'  ' 


r£  ,     .. 


■     i    I  I 


i!   •■■'  ;        i 


•  ' 


.  .        .   -    , . 


,..-. 


1. 


Xi 


torn    -;*' 


this  country  who  hcve  been  producing  war  equipment  in 
great  quantities  for  shipment  whose  contracts  either  have 
expired  during  the  last  30  or  60  days,  or  which  will  expire 
during  the  next  30  or  60  days,  and  therefore  we  enter  into 
this  war  with  the  advantage  that  we  have  not  only  hundreds 
of  laources  of  supply  for  war  material  available,  but 
thousands  and  ten  thousands  of  men  in  this  country  who 
have  been  skilled  in  he  special  art  of  producing  equipment 
of  this  kind,  and  I  think  all  of  you  know,  who  know  any- 
thing as  to  the  troubles  which  were  encountered  in  this 
country  at  the  beginning  of  these  foreign  contracts  some 
two  .years  ago  in  getting  our  best  manufacturers  lined  up 
in  the  production  of  rifles,  of  shells,  and  other  things 
that  go  to  supplying  munition,  have  realized  what  a  tremen- 
dous asset  to  us  this  trained  personnel  and  these  trained 
sources  of  supply,  are.    In  England  it  was  necessary  for 
the  Government  to  go  into  the  manufacturing  business  on  the 
©utbreak  of  the  war.    Tftdre  were  not  sources  of  supply 
practically,  there  was  no  trained  personnel,  speaking  in  a 
general  way.    Certain  consequences  in  England's  position 
are  exactly  what  ours  would  have  been  two  and  a  half  years 
ago.    You  can  see,  I  belive,  that  with  this  situation  exist- 
ing, we  are  going  to  be  able  to  make  up  this  balance  sheet 
of  which  I  spoke  to  you  a  few  minutes  ago  very  much  more 
exact  and  comprehensive  basis,  with  a  view  to  converting 
from  other  industries  of  a  commercial  nature  as  little  of 
the  equipment  as  may  be  absolutely  necessary,  and  where  this 
conversion  does  take  place  from  existing  industries,  to  the 
great  national  industry  into  which  we  must  now  embark,  that 
is,  the  production  of  war  materials,  a  very  caref>ul  watch 


.-> 


I •.'    '  .'•  ""• 


~li*.J, 


.f»! 


- 


.  . 


■  "■-     :   :: 


i.  "■, 


■ 


riH 


.'I;;  ;:      J 


:■■■;   :■■■' 


will  be  kept  upon  the  expense  of  such  conversion  upon  that 
plant  or  upon  this  plat  or  upon  that  industry,  to  make  sure 
that  we  are  in  no  way  wrecking  or  putting  out  of  business  rn 
institution  which  will  be  of  necessity  to  us  upon  a  declara- 
tion of  peace.    In  short,  take  the  matter  of  aircraft  as 
the  specific  instance.    We  know  we  have  insufficient  capa- 
city perhaps  to  meet  the  needs  which  will  confront  us  durin, 
the  next  12  months.    we  know  that  it  may  be  necessary  to 
convert  from  some  other  kindred  industry.    It  would  be  a 
very  easy  matter  under  Section  one  hundred  and  twenty  of 
the  1b w  of  June,  last  year,  to  go  out  and  commandeer  any 
plant  in  this  countr3'&z&l  convert  it  to  that  particular  kine. 
fif  work.    Upon  the  other  hand,  it  is  the  desire  of  the 
munitions  board,  where  conversion  is  necessary,  to  convert 
by  percentages  ori-ly.    We  could  very  easily  wreck  the  busi- 
ness organization,  the  selling  organization,  which  concerns 
have  built  up  over  50  years  of  commercial  activity,  by  tak- 
ing over  the  producing  concern,  and  converting  it  to  the 
use  of  the  ^overnmealit ,  with  any  regard  to  its  commercial 
jindustrial  affairs.    We  do  not  desire  to  proceed  upon  this 
basis.    we  have  the  power  to  do  so,  but  we  desire  to  take 
over  merely  a  certain  percentage  of  the  producing  capacity 
of  concerns  of  that  kind,  and  there  is  no  concern  in  this 
country  which  cannot  devote  25%  or  even  50  per  cent  of  its 
capacity  to  production  of  governmental  goods  and  supplies 
and  yet  maintain  its  selling  organization  in  such  form  that 
the  millions  of  dollars  which  have  been  invested  in  selling 
machinery  and  in  branch  houses,  etc.,  will  nbt  suffer 
seriously. 

/8S 


r?f 


I  have  here  a  brief  form  which  has  been  gotten  up  to 
fill  the  needs  of  the  industrial  inventory  should  any  of 
you  feel  that  you  must  proceed  with  an  industrial  inventory 
within  your  state  within  the  next  few  weeks.    That  form 
«h1  full  instructions  will  be  supplied  you,  but  we  do  not 
urge  you  to  inject  this  thing  at  the  moment  into  the  other 
activities  with  which  you  will  be  necessarily  confronted 
in  connection  with  the  draft.   We  do  have  enough  informa- 
tion for  the  moment  in  most  lines,  and  where  we  have  not, 
the  information,  we  have  the  avenues  open  for  obtaining  it. 
The  industrial  invenLory  we  will  want  in  accordance  with 
the  plans  formulated  under  the  munitions  board.    For  in- 
stance, in  the  inventory  of  last  summen,  take  for  instance, 
a  state  like  Ohio,  we  know  that  in  that  state  there  are 
1209  concerns  which  could  produce  war  materials.   We  know 
that the  number  which  have  been  supplying  war  material  during 
the  past  two  years  ifi  154.    We  know  that  the  numlfe^r  having 
facilities  for  the  construction  of  tools  is  337.    We  know 
that  the  number  having  union  shops  is  105.    We  know  that 
the  number  having  more  than  100  tool  makers  in  its  employ 
is  11.    W.e  know  that  the  number  having  more  than  50  but 
not  100,  is  13,  10  but  not  50,  100.    More  than  1,  but  not 
10,  138,  etc.   We  know  that  the  number  having  shipping 
facilities  is  559,    By  water,  273*  etc.    I  might  go  on 
with  an  indefinite  list  collected  through  the  efforts  of  the 
engineers. 

I  am  afraid  that  my  talk,,  gent  linen,  has  been  a  rather 
sober  one,  and  you  may  feel  that  it  has  been  my  intention 
somewhat  to  dampen  the  enthusiasm  with  which  you  came  to 
Washington.    That  is  not  true  in  any  sense.    I  have,  how- 
ever, desired  to  pointout  to  your  some  of  the  fundamental 


•  ; 
5,  .-•  '  ... 

•-'■.• 

■      ■    ■        •-  •.    .  ..     ' 


r.         ■  - 


I  i 


i    .    :.-*  '. 


.-:  :..•:    •-•  \v:    : 


■       ■■■    ■    •:•    ■■■   ■<    ■  .'    ■  ■■:-.-.;    • 


problems  which  confront  us,  some  of  the  means  which  we 
are  adopting  to  meet  those  problems.   We  are  going  at 
this  jo&  exactly  as  though  we  were  starting  a  business  in- 
stitution backin  Ohio  or  Indiana,    There  are  certain  things 
\nhich  you  gentlemen  would  do  if  you  were  going  to  business 
on  a  big  scale,  ad  those  things  must  be  done  in  Washington. 
We  are  building  up  a  personnel.   We  are  pulling  in  men 
from  every  part  of  the  world  whom  we  think  know  most  about 
it,  and  we  are  listening  to  them,  and  doing  it.    We  have 
appointed  to  the  munitions  board  the  men  who  are  in  posi- 
tion, to  do  the  things  which  it  is  necessary  that  this 
government  shall  have  done  for  it  in  this  emergency.   I  do 
not  want  you  to  feel  that  the  board  has  any  idea  that  we  do 
not  need  your  help,  or  that  the  state  activities  are  not  in 
any  way  related  to  the  work.    The  reverse  is  true,  but  this 
problem  is  such  a  big  one,  that  we  must  not  attack  it  in 
any  frame  of  undue  enthusiasm  or  effort  to  accomplish  within 
a  week  a  work  which  we  ought  to  consider  seriously  for  a 
month  before  we  even  start.    If  the  resources  of  this  coun- 
try are  to  be  made  available,  and  properly  available  for 
government  purposes,  it  is  going  to  require  that  the  state 
councils  of  national  defense  be  prepared  to  give  their  time, 
their  energy,  and  their  money  where  ndcessary  or  the  state 
money  where  necessary,  for  the  organization  of  the  resources 
in  accordance  with  plans  which  fit  into  the  national  plans 
which  are  being  worked  out  here,  and  that  plan,  gentlemen, 
is  not  being  formulated  by  the  heads  of  the  military  and 
naval  departments  which  you,  perhaps  justly  or  am  justly, 
feel  have  insufficient  knowledge  of  the  conditions  of  the 


/S 


7 


rir.      '.?.*. 


•111    -''u    -' 


.1  ii 


■  ...-•■.■ 


L       •»■ 


l'  I  -. 


?f  "' 

.,       • '  ,   ■    ,"v  j       •  '  ■ 

*  ■  T  - 

■ ,  ..    .      •  '   '" 
• 

• 

. 

.     ..,     •,.:;;•£•-> 

••' 


J.         f 

.3      * 


country  to  make  plans,  but  those  plans  are  being  given  the 
"best  consideration  o-f  the  business  men  who  are  being  drawn 
from  among  the  great  business  interests  ©f  the  country. 
And  I  feel  that  we  are  a  long  way,  late  though  we  were  in 
getting  started,  toward  solving  many  of  the  difficulties 
which  caused  such  serious  loss  to  the  other  countries  at 
the  beginning  of  the  war,  and  we  must  keep  in  the  back  of 
our  heads  that  we  are  undertaking  the  biggest  business  or- 
ganization, the  biggest  industrial  organization,  ever  at- 
tempted in  the  history  of  the  world,  and  that  we  have  to 
coordinate  the  activities  and  the  efforts  and  the  thoughts 
of  100,000,000,  many  of  whom  have  not  yet  realized  the 
seriousness  of  the  present  struggle,  and  the  possible  con- 
sequences to  us.    Should  we,  in  any  way,  fail  in  carrying 
our  share  of  this  great  international  burden.     (Applause) 


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THE  CHAIRMAN.  Mr.  Goroperswas  unable  to  be  here  this 
morning,  but  he  has  sent  in  a  paper  which  I  should  like  to 
read. 

PAPER  OP  MR.  SAMUEL  GOMPERS. 

No  additional  experience  was  necessary  to  prove  the 
indispensable  service  under  war  conditions  of  those  who  use 
tools  and  who  till  the  soil,  therefore,  the  Adivosry  Commis- 
sion provided  for  a  Committee  on  Lafepr  and  made  me  its 
chairman.    The  Committee  was  organized  April  2,  1917.   At 
that  meeting  there  were  approximately  two  hundred  persons 
present,  representing  employers,  workers,  and  those  inter- 
ested in  the  welfare  of  workers  and  in  maintaining  economic 
standards  as  well  as  equitable  relations. 

The  directing  motive  of  the  Committee  has  been  that 
service  in  industry  must  be  organized  in  furtherance  of  two 
purposes:  (1)  Conservation  of  the  humans  who  furnish  cre- 
ative labor  power  (2)  Productivity. 

The  work  of  the  Committee  has  been  so  divided  as  to 
take  into  account  the  needs  of  the  workers  during  and  after 
working  hours;  to  consider  their  needs  and  aspirations  as 
individuals  as  well  as  agents  in  production. 

The  committee  must  take  into  account  in  addition  to 
factors  of  environment,  the  spiritual  forces  that  consti- 
tute the  springs  to  volition* 

Por  the  best  service  in  peace  or  in  war  we  must  in- 
sure the  existence  of  good  will  and  initiative  on  the  part 
of  workers  in  order  that  they  may  mobilize  for  service. 


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Good  will  can  exist  only  under  equitable  relations.    Ini- 
tiative can  be  maintained  only  under  voluntary  institutions. 

The  committee  seeks  to  protect  labor  through  at  least 
the  maintenance  of  existing  standards  of  life  and  work  based 
upon  trade  agreements,  existing  laws,  customs,  etc. 

Our  thought  is  that  high  standards  are  those  which 
give  the  nation  value,  and  that  only  when  the  last  ex- 
tremity is  reached  should  these  standards  be  suspended  to 
national  defense. 

Fundamental  among  those  standards  are  hours  of  work 
that  maintain  physical  welfare,  and  wages  that  enable  work- 
ers to  live  in  a  manner  as  to  maintain  self-respect. 

Increases  in  the  costs  of  living  may  make  readjustment 
necessary  in   .industrial  relations  in  order  to  maintain 
present  standards.    It  will  be  the  purpose  of  the  committee 
to  assist  in  bringing  about  such  readjustments  without  un- 
necessarily interrupting  the  processes  of  production. 

The  various  general  committees  which  are  national  in 
scope,  together  with  their  chairmen*  are  as  follows:   Wages 
and  House,  Chairman,  Frank  Morrison,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Mediation  and  Conciliation,  Chairman,  V.  Everit  Macy,  New 
York  City*    Welfare  Work,  Chairman,,  tk    A.  Coolidge,  Boston, 
Mass.    Women  in  Industry,  Chairman,  Mrs.  Borden  Harriman, 
Washington,  D.  C.     Information  and  Statistics,  Chairman, 
Dr.  Frederick  L.  Hoffman,  Newark,  N.  J.     Press,  Chairman, 
Grand  Hamilton*  Washington,  D.  C.     Publicity,  Chairman, 
Dr.  E.  T.  Devine,  New  York  City.    Cost  of  Living— Domestic 
Economy,  Chairman,  S.  Thurston  Ballard,  Louisville,  Ky. 

The  general  committee  on  welfare  work  will  endeavor  to 
safeguard  the  health  and  welfare  of  workers  chiefly  through 


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a  campaign  of  education  and  the  cooperation  cf  existing 
agencies.    The  various  subcommittees  of  this  general  com- 
mittee, together  with  tfaftix  chairmen,  are  as  follows: 


(a)  Industrial  Safety 

L.  H.  Palmer,  Chairman, 
Harrisburg,  fa. 


(b)  Sanitation 

Dr.  Wm.  A.  Evand, 
Chairman,  Chicago. 


1.  Committee  on  Accident 
Prevention.   Chairman  to  ber 
appointed.  M.  A.  Dow  suggested, 

2.  Committee  on  Structural 
Safety  and  Fire  Pretention, 
Herbert  D.  Kohri,  Chairman, 

New  York  City. 

3.  Committee  on  Dust  and 
Fumes,  Col.  Lewis  T.  Bryant, 
Chairman,  Trenton,  N.  J. 

1.  Committee  on  Lighting, 
L.  B.  Marks,  Chairman, 

New  York  City. 

2.  Committee  on  Fatigue, 
Dr.  Thomas  Darlington, 

Chairman,  New  York  City. 

3.  Committee  on  Home  Nursing, 
Miss  Lillian  D.  Vald, 

Chairman,  New  York  City. 

(c)  Vocational  Education , 

H.  H.  Miles,  Chairman,  Racine,  Wis. 

(d)  Public  Education  in  Health  Matters, 

Dr.  Alvah  H.  Doty,  Chairman,  New  York  City, 

Many  volunteer  offers  of  service  have  been  received  and 
they  indicate  the  splendid  feeling  of  patriotism  that  de- 
sires to  render  service  that  shell  be  of  permanent,  construc- 
tive value  and  demonstrate  that  the  democracy  of  America  is 
united  and  efficient. 

The  state  committees  for  national  safety  and  defense 
should  so  establish  their  agencies  and  conform  their  activ- 
ities to  the  standards  and  policies  upon  the  plan  of  the 
Council  of  National  Defense,,  its  Advisory  Commission,  its 
various  committees-    All  of  these  state  agencies  to  cooper- 
ate with  the  national  agencies. 


MR.  GIFFOPD.    Now  the  chair  would  like  to  entertain  a 
motion  if  anyone  care  to  make  it  for  the  appointment  of  a 


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committee  to  formulate  questions  which  arise  from  the 
meeting  and  leave  the  question  and  we  will  answer  them  and 
snd  the  answers  to  all  of  you  tomorrow  or  Saturday, 

A  MEMBER.    I  move  the  appointment  of  such  a  committee. 

The  motion  was  seconded, 

THE  CHAIRMAN.    Is  it  your  intention  that  the  chair 
appoint  the  committee? 

A  MEMBER.    Yes,  that  the  chair  appoint  the  committee, 
by  all  means. 

THE  CHAIRMAN.    I  think  we  are  "better  informed  to  ask 
these  questions   today  than  we  were  yesterday. 

The  question  on  being  put  by  the  chair  was  carried. 

THE  CHAIRMAN.    The  chair  will  appoint  the  committee 
and  announce  the  same  this  afternoon. 

GENERAL  HARRIES.    There  has  just  come  into  my  posses- 
sion a  printed  document  called  The  Organization  for  the 
Development  of  the  Military  Resources  of  "che  State  of  New 
York.    It  sets  forth  the  organization  of  all  the  military 
resources  of  New  York.    It  is  the  best  document  of  the  kind 
thus  far,  in  advance  of  anything  else  that  has  been  formu- 
lated, and  General  Stotesbury  is   to  leave  copies  and  these 
will  be  distributed  to  those  gentlemen  who  desire  to  have 
same.     It  is  very  much  worth  while.    General  Stotesbury 
is  here  now. 

Thereupon  the  conference  took  a  recess  at  12:30  o'clock 
until  2  O'clock  p.  m. 

»«-o0o--— 

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COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 
Conference. 
1141  Munsey  Building,  Council  Chamber, 
Thursday.  May  3,  1917. 

3.10  o'clock  p.  m, 
MR.  GIFFORD  -CHAIRMAN):   Gentlemen,  we  still  have 
a  lot  ahead  of  us  and  we  must  get  at  it, 

I  take  great  pleasure  in  announcing  and  introducing 
to  you  the  Secretary  of  Commerce*  Mr.  Redfield, 

HON.  WILLIAM  C.  REDFIELD, 
Secretary  of  Commerce. 

Mr.  Director,  ladies  and  gentlemen,  I  think  it  may 
strike  you,  as  indeed  it  struck  me  some  weeks  ago,  that 
possibly  the  peaceful  work  of  the  Department  of  Commerce 
has  had  comparatively  little  to  do  with  the  military  and 
naval  emergency  in  which  the  country  finds  itself.  But 
I  have  been  surprised,  as  possibly  some  of  you  may  be,  at 
the  extent  to  which  we  have  been  called  upon  to  take  part 
practically  and  rccively  in  the  work  which  is  now  going 
on.  And  certain  of  the  larger  features  of  the  work  I  am 
very  glad  indeed  to  have  the  opportunity  to  place  before 
you. 

Our  touch  is  with  the  business  men  of  the  United 
States,  with  the  manufacturers  and  merchants  of  the  country, 
Through  our  own  eight  offices  in  various  parts  of  the  land, 
on  the  Pacific,  Gulf,  Lake,  and  Atlantic  shores  we  are 
in  constant  communication  with  the  business  world.   One 
new  and  very  striking  thing  has  occurred  this  year.  We 

are  embarrassed literally  embarrassed  by  the  number  of 

men  of  large  affairs  who  wish  to  leave  them,  to  let  them 
go.  to  give  up  in  some  cases  their  business  established 


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after  many  years  of  wo-:k  and  come  dcwn  and  accept  either 
new  employment  wi'v  a?j»rtO&t!  rtb  compensation  at  all,  or  a 
very  modest  compensation  if  only  J.hey  can  serve  the  Govern- 
ment in  this  crisis, 
(Applause) . 

It  is  astonishing  and  it  ought  to  be  told  more  fully 
than  it  is  told.   I  was  speaking  of  it  to  the  head  of  the 
largest  concern  of  the  kind  in  the  United  States,  a  concern 
whose  business  is  numbered  by  scores  of  millions  per  annum, 
only  to  have  him  tell  me  quietly  that  he  was  here  for  that 
business  himself.   This  morning  I  have  taken  on  at  a 
salary  which  at  the  outside  will  be  fixed  at  $50  a  month, 
a  gentleman  whose  income  is  more  than  a  thousand  times  that 
per  annum,  who  has  resigned  from  a  position  in  the  largest 
bank  in  the  country  at  the  head  of  a  department,  to  come 
down  and  take  a  place  in  one  of  our  services.  The  head  of 
a  manufacturing  concern  in  Buffalo,  a  man  of  about  40  years, 
a  successful  business  man,  takes  advantage  of  the  absence 
in  South  America  of  one  of  our  assistant  chiefs  to  give 
up  his  business  and  take  $3500  a  year  for  a  few  months  in 
his  place,  accepting  for  the  time  a  very  small  part  of  his 
usual  income.   It  is  perfectly  easy  to  call  in  every  impor- 
tant city  of  the  land  for  services  ordinarily  paid  at 
large  prices  which  now  are  cheerfully  rendered  voluntarily. 
(Applause). 

I  would  like  to  be  rather  specific  about  certain  cases 
of  the  kind.   For  example,  in  our  service,  what  we  call 
foreign  and  domestic  commerce,  we  are  having  to  deal  with 
certain  very  serious  difficulties  that  face  the  country. 
We  do  aoi  produce,  gentlemen,  a  lot  of  things  that  we  use 
CCamonly,  end  ::areiy  think  how  dependent  we  are  upon  the 
world  abroad  fox  hem„   If  we  stopped  receiving  manganese, 


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or  ferro-manganese,  or  manganese  ore  from  abroad,  Pitts- 
burgh would  shut  down.   If  we  stopped  receiving  rubber  from 
abroad,  there  would  be  trouble  with  automobile  factories. 
We  are  entirely  dependent  on  the  world  abroad  for  tin. 
There  is  not  a  tin  can  that  ever  entered  the  house  of  any 
of  you  that  was  wholly  of  American  origin,  for  we  produce 
no  tin,  and  for  many  things  of  the  kind,  such  as  graphite 
and  others,  we  must  look  to  the  world  abroad.   Now,  the 
getting  of  these  things  regularly,  systematically,  is  al- 
most as  important  jjb   the  getting  of  them  at  all.   If  you 
ran  a  tin  plate  works  and  did  not  know  whether  the  supply 
of  pig  tin  would  be  uninterrupted  or  not  you  can  make  no 
plans  for  your  output*  If  you  made  no  plans  for  your  output, 
the  can  maker  would  be  in  distress.  Back  of  him  the 
canner  and  wholesale  and  retail  grocers  would  be  in  serious 
difficulty. 

We  have  been  at  work  for  weeks  in  this  particular  ser-*., 
vice,  the  Foreign  and  Domestic  Commerce  service,  on  this 
problem  of  tin  plate  commencing  with  the  tin  and  ending 
with  the  filled  can.  The  Department  of  Agriculture  is 
cooperating  with  us  because  they  have  a  big  interest  in  the 
job,  their  interest  being  in  raising  the  food  and  getting  it 
in  the  can.-  Our  interest  is  in  getting  the  tin  into  the 
country,  getting  the  steel  works  in  steady  operation  upon  th 
job, -getting  the  railways  to  carry  it,  the  tin  and  steel 
to  tin  plate  works  and  the  tin  plate  to  the  can-maker,  and 
the  can  to-  the  canner,  and  then  the  food  to  the  wholesale 
grocer.   It  has  been  a  very  interesting  question  because 
there  are  so  many  elaborate  processes  commencing,  let  us 
say.,  in  Borneo  or  Singapore,  in  connection  with  th3  tin  can 
about  Which  many  hardly  know  anything  at  all ...   Yet,  within 


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three  days,  at  a  conference  at  which  were  represented  the 
steel  makers,,  the  tin  plate  makers.,  the  canners,  the  can 
makers  and  the  representatives  of  two  departments,  we 
have  agreed  in  writing  upon  a  policy,  a  unique  thing,  I 
think,  in  which  all  these  interests  coincide,  a  policy  which 
is  stated  in  writing  over  the  signature  of  a  committee  re- 
presenting every  interest,  and  I  think  we  are  justified  in 
saying  now  that  the  tin  can  problem  which  has  been  a  very 
serious  one,  Mr,  Director,  is  in  a  fair  way  to  be  solved, 
(Applause). 

For  a  time  it  looked  as  if  you  might  have  to  pay  a 
half  a  dollar  a  can  for  a  can  of  tomatoes,  which  would  be 
a  somewhat  serious  thing  because  it  had  actually  reached 
the  point  where  it  was  threatened  that  vegetables  would  not* 
be  planted  because  it  was  not  certain  if  they  could  be 
packed  when  they  grew.   In  that  same  connection  we  have 
developed  fiber  containers  now  largely  used  for  liquids 
as  containers,  and  containers  of  glass,  endeavoring  in  ever 
possible  way,  and  with  amazing  success,  to  go  to  the  busi- 
ness men  and  say,  ttMy  good  friend,  you  are  using  tin 
cans  for  food  which  is  not  perishable,  please  quit,"   "It 
is  unpleasant,  disagreeable,  you  have  your  trademarks, 
advertising  and  everything  of  that  kind,  but  please  give 
up  these  tin  containers,  they  are  needed  for  something  that 
is  perishable,  and  yours  is  not  such.  Uee  paper  or  fiber 
or  something  of  that  kind,*   I  think  we  have  met  no  re- 
fusals yet.   It  is  amazing  and  delightful;  the  sulkers  are 
conspicuous  by  their  absence,   I  presume  they  are  alive 
•but  not  visible  in  large  number  at  the  present  time. 

in  the  same  connection,  there  is  platinum,  an  article 
with  which  I  have  had  more  to  do  in  the  last  two  weeks  than 
in  my  whole  life  before.   One  likes  to  deal  with  anything 


.Oil-.-..         .ii '.'.-       -  1»J.        ti    'ji.  V       .'^.   A:»« 


^,^  ii  ->.. 


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T?-/      ♦  «<•?■ 


f.-  <Li.-t   j»fi?  ic   ^r.?ij-t.y:.  -v ■•.- 


.. :  i  i      -■     .  ^  .*.      ^.  v  c-     •  -  -  -«.  ~ 

.  feii?   Jiisrjaxq   3ii?*    f^  Xodrei;xr!:   ag-f^X  nx    ,:  =  .Ko  t  rs  r  *■■   If  Or-    - 
:     "•  -■  7.t  *f?.yj[  sri"  ?:k  oJ?  o^   ivroa   &d  tv::rf  2   rfc.; .  -    .  z~n 


that  is  worth  $105  an  ounce,  because  it  gives  you  sunh  a 
pleasant  wealthy  feeling.  Platinum  is  a  really  necessary 
thing  for  laboratories,,  chemical  industries,,  it  is  very 
necessary  in  these  industries,  and  we  found  that  a  large 
percentage  of  it  was  going  into  jewelry.  We  had  it  out 
faoe  to  face  and  heart  to  heart  with  the  jewelers,  and 
the  biggest  and  best  of  them  frankly  admitted  that  this 
was  a  time  of  national  emergency  when  they  ought  not  to 
use  that  fine  material  for  large  objects  of  jewelry,  such 
as  mesh  bags,  cigarette  cases,  cigar  holders  and  things 
of  that  kind*  Voluntarily  they  met  and  adopted  resolu- 
tions that  they  t-.-v.14  not  use  it  for  these  things,  and  the 
word  has  gone  out  to  the  country,  to  five  thousand  jewel- 
ers, sent  out  at  their  own  expense.   So  that  problem  is, 
again,  in  a  fair  way  of  solution. 

Meanwhile,  it  may  interest  you  to  know,  as  showing  the 
out-reaching  of  our  own  department,  that  we  have  sent  men 
to  Australia,  Tasmania,  Borneo,  China,  and  are  looking 
in  Russia,  in  Spain,  and  some  other  places,  in  an  effort 
to  find  an  additional  supply.   Yes,  we  are  looking  to  the 
United  States  of  Corombia,  for  this  material,  and  perhaps 
as  illustrating  the  fine  spirit  in  the  business  world, 
you  may  care  to  learn  that  when  the  American  concern  which 
furnishes  the  platinum  output  of  the  United  States  of 
Colombia  heard  what  was  on  foot,  without  request  of  any 
kindthey  telegraphed  to  the  officer  in  charge  of  their 
dredge  down  there  in  the  northwest  corner  of  South  America 
to  move  the  dredge  over  to  the  place  where  they  knew  the 
ore  was  richer  and  work  there  for  a  time*   Voluntarily 
this  move  was  planned  to  take  up  another  part  of  the  work- 
ings to  increase  the  output  for  the  national  needs, 


/?7 


,:T?  tfcft?,     --■?.■■?  tr--!:-  JtKJ  :  ~  ■•.  X;.; 


->?.uC 


Oi 


■] .-.     k. 


-'1  .     -  v*;?       sly 


:.  t*t ; 


o  •  :»T 


j    -?.;-• 


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^+ 


aii  i 


•  :t'i"-'-    ur:t   jffjrfw  ;t-CJ:>   ass-ax  Ot   <*3»d  ^2<s  «C\; 


At  this  time  it  is  a  satisfaction  to  know  that  wo  are 
producing  our  o.vn  pig  tin  in  this  country,  getting  Boliv- 
ian ore  and  Bwelting  it  in  Perth  Amboy.T  New  Jersey,  mak- 
ing now  500  tons  a  ruonth,  and  increasing;  it  next  July  to 
1000,  and  we  hope  next  fall  to  1500  tons,   American  en- 
terprise for  the  first  time  is  itself  producing"  this 
material  in  this  country,  though  from  foreign  ore,  for 
we  do  not  have  it, 

That  gives  a  little  idea  of  the  touch  which  that 
single  service,  the  Foreign  and  Domestic  Commerce  Service, 
has  with  the  war  problem. 

When  the  war  came  on  in  Europe  it  cut  off  our  supply 
of  optical  glass.   I  want  you  gentlemen  to  realize  this 
fact.   I  should  1  i.ce  to  write  a  book,  if  i   ever  had  time, 
on  the  helplessness  of  the  United  States  as  it  was  on 
August  1,  1914,  The  facts  would  amaze  and  horrify  the 
average  man.  There  was  not  a  first  class  lens  of  any  na- 
ture or  kind  in  this  country  that  was  not  made  in  Germany, 

the  glass  made  in  Germany — *not  a  periscope  on  an 

American  submarine.,  not  a  telescope  on  an  American  battle- 
ship, not  a  binocular  glass -in  the  army  or  navy,  not  a 
single  fine  microscope  or  anything  of  that  nature  or  of 
that  kind  that  didn*t  have  in  it  German  made  glass.   There 
were  no  great  optical  glass  works  in  the  country,  They 
were  in  Germany.  There  was  none  in  Great  Britain,  none  in 
the  United  States,  and  the  art  of  making  optical  glass  in 
this  country  was  not  practised  on  the  first  of  August, 
1914.  We  had  no  factories  produoing  itt 

The  Bureau  of  Standards  of  our  Department  is  now  turn- 
ing it  out  regularly  in  }ots  of  300  and  500  pounds  at  a 
melt  equa-1  to  the  best  German  product,  and  we  arc  now  quite 
prepared  to  instruct  manufacturers  who  desire  to  learn  how 

/fS 


5  i:i   a  J   :■::-:  $Z£T:  •  :.  -■  ■■-.  '.  ■■' 

;   -                      ,Vi.t;trr*  •    .  irf»*   ;.-.*   tzii                      ■".. "      '  L'./kx^ 

;:-:■:.':-■    ■  •;  .•?-.<:;   :  .•.■■'•             -~   ?>a.<?  ^"Jtf1  •   -' 

•'   ■'■'•    -•:::?:    ".' :     jv' »*»."">  ST  oai                   '■  "  ;  ■'    "---"-'  '■'"'•    '  • 

Ei&i   ^rioi'JSci-i  l£e2$i  fcx    noli   .fffri'i    b'rfj  xoi  9ak£qs.*t 
x-     ti=^o  irgiaici  rcoTi  Jj.vOTifj   ^jaxrco  aid*  el    ;: 

*j3r.o     lOirfr  .l^juor   ifli    «0  ^o;>i    zZiflL  n  aovi      ;    :•"." 

I;*r^'!    t,:,:    U:    $VC   fri   o-fCTirS  ai   ao   ssibo  is'*'  f**i3  a*.  IT 

ii.if     -,i  ,"..       t't  a&z*~itaz%  uo-%  ia&v  I     .asflX...   If -£"^o   lo 

t     •;..    vr,rf  ic7-?  I   1x    jrfcocf  is  o^iiw  0*    Kill  fclt/om    X      •Jfyi'J 

no  a.ov;  *c    m  &s^^S  actfinU  ad*  to  a»;snag3lV  <:»5  -*fii   ac 

'.-.i-f-f     -.-'-»•"'•■  T  ''",  "•     fur-'1  h  T'"!;"'    r  +  "■ -^      !";{T'  fatfif      •   ~     '■'  ■    •"'  '■"■'■ 

-jsa  \c..-:  la  ->.:dL  p-?.a.f*i  ^^i^   s    •ra  bjsv  otco/iT     fti&s.  a^Tov.i 
t\  :  ;■.;  ■■■      ';^;;:   dcr;  ,-.ii'  #^ai  y~*a.::o;-   nidi  ax   .U 

r:      co   oqoortiisq  /5  .ton- — ^aA-ii^v  oi   oImmd  ne^I^  &iii 

s  fr.n  t?7~a  to  Y-^-J    :-^    hx   etjsXg  *^  :j:i?oofri-f  z  ion   %Hi:it 

s»Y&rff      .       • ;  ,  ;-rr-  ■.  ;-r:-;-i  ■■.;.'!  ft  at   ovnti  $*nbih  &r>d'i  trrt-f  i&i' 

X--;lZ     ,'{Z$rti.x"ia   ;d$  at  r,iiio\  eajBijj  Xjeoir'^o   ^js.stri  on   rx5?r 

nx      -ir       ,     •    jrTa  #£.'.»^0  nx    saofl  r^:/   STSrft     ^va.'WiTPD  nJ:  ti-x*  > 

at    ai/5lr;    i.firx^c    j^x^sas   to   ::zs.    <?d3    ta^    tr.    l-'Jo  6?»?iaU  j:U: 

t7«rji/A  >:•   isiii'i   ^d&  a*  beskfwzai  ton  sjiv;  xi^/iu-oc-   si-':' 

;',nif)i/fco-rq   eoxxc^os'i  on  Iv;ri  &VT      »4-i;;;. 

s':^r:   :,-f     sj:   :..-:  ban    .^Oi;.f>oiq  itbait^O  itnad   orii   o^   X.-^jpe    *.- 
-Vw;i  ex.-;.:  o.i   ■.. --ira^i;  •:         ..i-iilitin&liXVStii  XCHJi&nut   .~3  forty**'- 


it  shall  be  made,  in  the  art  of  making  it.   Within  a  week 
we  have  been  offered  any  price  we  would  ask  for  all  on 
hand,  something  possibly  like  three  hundred  pounds* 
The  process  is  not  simple,  it  took  us  a  year  of  continu- 
ous work  to  make  the  clay  pot  in  which  the  glass  should  be 
melted,  in  order  to  find  the  mixture  of  clays  which  would 
stand  the  high  heat  developed  and  yet  be  materials  that 
would  not  make  the  glass  imperfect.   Having  gotten  the 
pot,  it  then  took  a  year  to  get  the  proper  mixture  of  the 
glass  itself.  Having  gotten  the  mixture  it  took  perhaps 
six  months  to  get  the  technique  of  making  the  glass;  in 
other  words,  about  two  years  and  six  months  continuous 
work  in  our  laboratories  at  Pittsburgh  in  the  art  of  mak- 
ing this  one  material  so  necessary.   I  have  on  my  desk, 

I  wish  I  had  brought  it  here,  a  large  piece  of  as  good 

optical  glass  as  could  be  made  anywhere.   So  that  problem 
is  solved.   These  are  very  interesting  matters  to  deal 
with.   (Applause). 

In  the  same  way  every  laboratory  in  America,  public 
and  private,  depended  On  Germany  two  and  a  half  years  ago 
for  chemical  porcelain.  We  made  some  china,  but  no  chemi- 
cal porcelain  that  would  stand  the  high  acids.  We  worked 
that  out  in  the  same  way,  in  the  same  time  and  place, 
and  with  the  same  men,  and  that  has  been  manufactured  for 
over  a  year.   The  method  is  this.   We  make  the  stuff  our- 
selves, at  our  own  expense,  in  the  government  laboratory, 
and  then  we  call  on  the  manufacturer  who  is  willing  to 
learn.   Not  all  of  them  are  always  willing  to  learn.   There 
has  been  a  certain  amount  of  suspicion  which  is  rapidly 
passing.  We  turu  over  to  the  manufacturer  free  of  all  ex- 
pense all  the  knowledge  that  we  have.  Sometimes  they  want 
to  take  the  men  we  have,  but  usually  we  cannot  spare  them, 
Our  ceramic  chemist,  the  best  in  the  country,  was  asked 

/ft 


\  ••• 


** 


■J-!  ,  ■■:;■ 


:>    vafisa 


I  '."?\i      hittj^fl      PK:!:"''ii     tf/ft     .'T .-;/.".'  ''."■■'■.'Id 


(>■"•>■ 


erf- 


.yf/3H 


:-  r  r  •■  •* 


,i;  cj-ii. 


,    -r 


*      -A     r 


by  a  large  glass-making  concern  to  become  their  ohief 
chemist  a  few  months  ago,  and  they  said  this  ma&  v-ould 
name  his  own  salary,  but  he  declined  the  proposition  and 
stayed  with  us  at  a  moderate  figure, 

That  is  the  work  our  Bureau  of  Standards  is  doing 
in  industry,  working  out  the  problems  that  underlie  the 
making  of  things,  the  unsolved  problems  in  industry,  and 
teaching  them  to  manufacturers  of  the  product. 

Now,  alongside  of  that  study  of  our  great  problem 
comes  the  testing  of  all  government  purchases.  Every 
material  purchase  of  the  Government  is  sent  to  us  for  ex- 
amination. DonH  think  Uncle  Sam  can  be  fooled  by  off- 
color  goods.  Th?/3  day  has  gone  by. 

We  run  our  own  paper  mill,  gentlemen,  and  by  its  use 
learn  to  make  specifications;  we  have  our. own  rubber  mill, 
etc,  we  run  our  own  stone  yard,  and  anyone  who  sells 
stone  to  Uncle  Sam  is  going  to  have  it  worked  first  by 
practical  stone  men,  in  our  own  stone  yard.   We  run  our 
brass  foundry,  make  our  own  bronze.  You  need  not  fear  that 
private  money  raised  by  taxes  is  going  to  be  wasted  in 
poor  goods.   If  underwear  is  sent  in  that  has  been  sold 
to  Uncle  Sam,  as  all  wool  which  is  60  per  cent  cotton,  it 
goes  back.  Uncle  Sam  knows;  everything  is  tested. 

We  keep  375  young  scientific  men  busy  the  whole  time 
in  what  is  probably  the  largest  laboratory  of  its  kind  in 
the  world.  We  are  constantly  working  for  the  War  and  Navy 
Departments  on  problems,  on  the  radio,  on  problems  of 
optics,  problems  of  determining  the  fall  of  shot,  on  pro- 
blems of  photographing  shot  when  they  fall  miles  away  from 
the  camera,  on  problems  of  aeroplane  cameras,  on  problems 
of  portable  wireless  sets  which  we  manufacture  and  set  up 
ourselves* 


tzoo 


i  b    31 


,VV   !     J/iili    it'     3.7)     ,::.-a   ;    '     V.t''V.'.ii         ':     j^JS   j-llv^ 

ti-'J)»3  ■>/!•.?   ••aoyir...   on«    .Lvrrv   snftfi  £*.£■  ivo  cur*.  &w   t.Ov- 
:.  r    i.e.:    vl:      .  -vt^y    axota  r«wo  ity.  ni    ,.'*o      :>n~  Sn'  i^oUo.?--; 


fivi..:    1/3  Y 


l?r'     ::■'.,    tv"i '.'.,:;  ;>1    ?f.*s«3**i 


i 


£ii         -Uu  ■  ■    >%s       f    SniO.%-    fli    i-vV    j    yc    i>:V;;fr,i    V'-i0'3    "'i-'r-t'X« 

££os  »Tj:d  3Srf  tf.3ite  nx    tnoe  .-**   ^sr&i^feiuJ  'il      .rt^oc-.^  isofl. 

•tt    %ati9it.z>  *a»o  TvC:   08   si    ifrs'tfV'V    rA'^   lie   «>*,    t  .'^- '■   ,.  tsatf  c--' 

.0.;!':^*   ft   r-itiil j^^vi    {V.vorfii  mit?    vj'o&U      ^tasti   ■■..-•"•■.:•: 
•:•£*..'    &jLp*iw  srfj  \v.:..\i'   *s»   oil ;  < a.->i'5s   ^Vo?  <:''-'C    ^     :<    sVi 
■i   fto^i   eil   1:>  vTc^.tcccr  teiigrsl   &tt  vie— <o-rq   ««    «  ;-  ■  r;-: 

;   tici/inj    •  fr.'i  vf.fl'$  m.*-.*?  .fo;^"    r;ni .!s.:'~;--f'-t"  '  :    *'e  ;--^-;^"^ 


I  wish  you  could  all  go  and  sec  what   I  think  \t   the 
most  scientific  plant  of  i.ts  *ii-d  in  the  world  for  work  of 

this  character. 

In  the  Bureau  of  the  Census  perhaps  you  would  think 
there  was  nothing  whatever  fcr  the   war,   and   yet   there    is 
the    idea  that   you  heard  the   Secretary  of  War  describe   yes- 
terday,   of  taking   the    enrollment    or  registration  by  using 
the   state   electoral  machinery,   utilising  the  polling  places 
and   existing   forces.     This  was   originally  a  suggestion  from 
the  Director  of  the  Census   to  the  War  Department.      It   is 
very  wonderful  machinery  which  the  Census  has   for  tabulat- 
ing,   and  we  are  hoping   to  take  the   next   census  without 
writing   a  figure   of  any  kind.      This  machinery  is   to  be  put 
at   the  disposal    of  the  War  Department   for  the  purpose   of 
making   this  registration  as  rapid  as  possible.      I   should 
like   you  to   see    in  operation  the  machinery  whereby  we  take 
cards  at   the   rate   of  three   and   four  hundred  a  minute,    on 
which  nothing  whatever   is  written,    but   simply  holes  punch- 
ed*     They  are   sorted,    tabulated,,    divided   into  columns, 
and  typewritten  and  footed  up  without  the  touch  of   a  man's 
hand  to  them. 

This  machine ry^    I   say,    is   invented  and  manufactured 
in  the  Bureau   of  the  Census   itself,    and   is   already  at  work 
upon  the  problem  which   you  heard  described   to  you  yester- 
day . 

In  the  Bureau  of  Fisheries  we  are  busy  on  the    job  of 
introducing   new   foods,    fish  foods,    and  this    is  the  most 
astonishing   thing,   perhaps,    that    I  have  to  tell   you„      There 
is  not    a  man  or  boy  among  us   whose  wife  or   sister  has   not 
complained  about   the  high  cost    of   living,   and   yet    if  there 
is  any  oountry  in  the  world  that   ignores  food  lying  ready 
to   its  very  hands,    it    is   this  one.      The   subject  usually 

24/ 


:-  «-,-  t-v 


t  \  ' 


-•,>-     t 


:»■"  ~*  1'i.' 


takes  me  four  and  a  half  hours  to  discuss.   I  am  an  sn- • 
thusiast  but  will  spare  you.   I  will  not  enter  upon  it 
other  than  to  sa~,;  ""hat  vie  started  with  one  new  fish  in 
August,  a  year  ago,  and  at  the  end  of  a  few  months,  this 
totally  unused- fish — -not  one  of  you  then  knew  the  name 

of  it was  sold  at  the  rate  of  a  million  pounds  a  month; 

there  are  thirty  vessels  engaged  in  the  catching  of  this 
particular  fish,  and  in  two  successive  winters  the  crews 
have  taken  in  over  $350,000,  and  that  from  one  formerly 
un-used  and  un-heard  of  fish,  namely,  the  tile-fish. 

In  like  manner  we  took  up  next  a  much  abused  fish  of  . 
Maine,  which  the  Governor  of  Maine  will  well  recognize. 
We  named  it  by  its  color  just  as  with  the  bluefish  or  the 
whitef ish  and  call  it  greyfiah.   It  is  now  sold  in  30 
States,  and  the  largest  order,  I  suppose,  ever  placed  for 
one  kind  of  a  fish  food  was  placed  by  a  concern  in  San 
Francisco,  43  carloads  at  one  order,  of  this  one  fish, 
the  greyf ish,  of  which  I  doubt  if  you  ever  heard  before. 
This  spring  since  the  winter  ended  orders  came  to  the 

packers  for  this  new  fish  for  a  million 1,300,000  cans, 

and  these  orders  are  piling  up  so  fast  it  is  a  question 
whether  they  can  fill  them. 

The  work  of  introducing  new  foods  is  constant,  con- 
tinuous, regular,  so  far  as  the  Bureau  of  Fisheries  is 
concerned.  And  we  have  a  device  for  holding  down  the 
price;  it  is  our  own  device  and  we  are  very  much  pleased 
with  it  because  it  works.  Where  it  is  a  canned  food  we  fur- 
nish a  Government  label,  we  do  the  advertising,  and  we  put 
a  first  class  salesman  on  the  job,  and  say  to  the  men,  "in 
consideration  of  this,  you  have  got  to  maintain  your  prices 
so  that  it  shall  retail  in  this  particular  case,  say,  at 
10  cents  a  can.   It  provides  for  that  a  good  meal  for  three 

Z<3  2~ 


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-?C    £3X1    r;-."    &cc     rT;v   £_:r-    -;  .    ■  ......     «J 

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adults,  at  three  and.  a  third  cents  a  meal*   So  long  ae 
you  do  that,  keep  thai,  p.cice  down  to  10  cents  a-  ca*i,  you 
can  use  that  label  but  the  label  belongs  to  us  and  not  to 
you.   It  is  a  valuable  label  to  you,  but  it  is  ci:r  latex. 
The  moment  yea  raise  your  price  we  want  our  label  back* 

One  man  did  raise  his  price,  and  I  telegraphed  him, 

please  discontinue  government  label.  He  reduced  his  price* 
Very  simple;  it  works.  So,  in  the  case  of  a  new  fish  we 
are  putting  on  the  market  between  Buffalo  and  Chicago,  we 
have  an  understanding  with  dealers  to  retail  it  at  not  to 
exceed  10  cents  a  pound.  We  furnish  cookbook,  salesman, 
and  literature,  and  they  agree  not  to  raise  the  price  from 
10  cents  a  pound. 

That  is  a  side  of  our  work  of  high  importance  and  it 
affects  the  army,  because,  knowing  our  interest  in  the 
general  matter  one  day  a  manager  of  a  company  came  down  to 
my  office  offering  to  furnish  a  new  food,  the  tile  fish, 
which  he  was  willing  to  sell  to  the  army  at  4  cents  a  pound 
fresh  delivered  in  Galveston.   I  didn't  tell  him  that  he 
had  come  to  the  father  and  forerunner  of  the  tile  fish  and 
that  we  were  responsible  for  the  whole  job. 

That  work  crn  go  on  continuously.  There  is  no  limit 
to  it.   There  are  literally  scores  of  fish  foods  un~used. 
We  have  just  introduced  the  sable  fish,  the  black  cod  of 
the  northwest  into  the  plains  states  to  provide  a  fresh 
variety  of  food  for  our  plains  states.  We  are  in  the  very 
act  of  doing:  it  now,  a"j  1  o*  which  is  itself  as  practical 
a  blow  at  the  a.'.gi.  coat  of  livinc,1  as  can  be  done. 

In  addition  to  '.;hat  wo  are  uafcisg,  a  new  leather  supplyc 
We  are  now  producing  a  good  grade  oC  leather  from  the  skin 
of  the-dogfica,  and  a  good  grade  of  shoe  leather  for  uppers 
and  soles  from  the  skin  of  the  shaik„  The  extent  to  which  ■ 


■•ft    -■    zo 


•  O  i  "„  \J   XiVi    0  '  *  **  V-~* 


c*--- 


Pi  : "  grci*  Pa?  '  :w  rrii    :  *?-* 

;-s  -j.  r  y.  -         --■       ._    *  ...  ,*  rt        -v  •        £  ^    ,>. , 

f-ufi    few    4.  -;;,\t3'.x?-  J.c  £   . 


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--  r-   *■  *..  f»  j 


this  is  possible  ;_eems  as  la.rge  as  we  choose  to  mako  _t  , 
Incidentally  the  whale  has  been  caught  heretofore  on  the 
west  coast  for  its  blubber  but  we  have  discovered  that 
the  gum  of  the  whale's  jaw  will  provide  a  strip  of  good 
leather  2  feet  by  24  feet  long,  and  that  the  intestines  of 
the  whale  are  valuable  in  the  same  way  as  catgut  and  can 
be  used  for  making  a  good  many  hundred  thousand  square 
feet  per  annum  of  excellent  material  which  strongly  re- 
sembles animal  canvas.    In  like  manner  there  are  other 
experimental  questions  which  are  in  process  of  development. 

I  will  touch  upon  the  lighthouse  service  only  to  say 
we  have  turned  over  to  the  Navy  Department  45  good  steamers 
for  use  as  mine  layers  and  to  assist  in  patrolling  the 
coast.     The  lighthouses  and  lightships  all  along  the 
shore  are  in  use  at  this  hour  to  notify  the  Government  of 
any  suspicious  vessel  that  appears.   A  supposed  German 
raider  passed  the  Nantucket  lightship  at  five  minutes  past 
9  o'clock  one  morning  about  two  weeks  ago.   At  9:40  I 
telephoned  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy  that  she  had  done 
so*    It  wook  exactly  35  minutes  for  .the  message  to  come 
from  the  light  ship  40  miles  out  at  sea  by  way  of  Boston 
to  our  office  and  thence  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy. 
So  we  received  from  the  coast  of  Florida  warning  mes- 
sages, and  from  the  coast  of  South  Carolina,  and  from  the 
coast  of  Massachusetts.    Trained  observers  to  whom  we 
have  furnished  telescopes  for  the  purpose  are  busy  all 

day  and  by  night every  day  and  every  night,  watching, 

a  service  which  is  original  and  new  and  very, 'very  prac- 
tical. 

In  the  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey,  the  entire  topo- 
graphic staff  of  engineers  is  at  work  upon  military  maps 
in  the  unsurveyed  sections  of  our  country  lying  along  the 


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southern  Atlantic  coast .   It  will,  1   am  sure,  surprise 
and  horrify  you  to  know  that  we  had  and  have  no  maps  of 
strictly  military  type,  as  good  as  should  be  had  for 
military  purposes,  of  a  very  considerable  part  of  our  At- 
lantic Coast,  not  to  speak  of  the  rest  of  the  country, 
and  on  that  problem  the  staff  of  the  Coast  and  Geodetic 
Survey  is  now  at  work.   I  want  you  to  consider,  if  you 
will,  for  a  moment,  what  that  may  mean.   If  your  son  is 
in  an  infantry  regiment  and  is  going  up  a  hill  in  an  at- 
tack two  miles  from  an  unseen  gun  which  is  supposed  to 
maintain  in  front  of  him  a  curtain  of  fire  falling  80 
yards  ahead  of  the  advancing  troops  and  lifting  ahead  of 
them  as  the  troops  move — -that  is  a  perfectly  familiar 

military  operation  now — -I  want  you  to  get  that the 

gun  is  unseen,  the  troops  are  unseen,  but  80  yards  ahead 
of  the  advancing  troops  the  artillery  should  maintain  a 
constant  curtain  of  fire  which  should  lift  as  the  troops 
march.  Mow,  if  they  come  to  the  top  of  a  hill  and  go 
over  it,  unless  the  topography  is  actually  known,  the  des- 
cending slope  of  the  hill  and  the  fall  of  the  shot  might 
coincide  and  our  own  troops  be  murdered  by  our  own  artil- 
lery. Accurate  topographic  .jaiaps  must  exist  which  will 
show  the  exact  contour  lineat  intervals  of  20  feet  in 
every  hill  everywhere  that  is  likely  to  be  used.  Some- 
thing of  a  job;  but  then  the  Coast  Survey  of  the  United 
States  has  26,000  miles  of  coast  to  look  after  besides. 

The  Bureau  of  Navigation  is  engaged  upon  the  work  now 
of  finding  eight  thousand  seamen*  The  German  ships  will 
take  nearly  tha.t  many,  and  from  some  source  we  must  find, 
in  addition  to  ms  -■  now  at  cea,  men  to  man  these  great 
vessels  and  to  go  into  the  service  of  the  great  merchant 
fleet  which  the  country  is  building  and  will  increasingly 


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build, 

Ths  Dte.vaboat  .Inspect ion  Service,  finally,  is  at 
work  now  ujcn  the  problem  of  finding  officers  for  these 
same  ships  which  io  a  very  serious  natter r  There  are  not 
enough  licensed  officers  in  the  country  to  man  these  ves- 
sels *   They  must  be  had  from  seme  adequate  source*   Oilei' 
machinists,  water  tenders,  and  firemen  of  the  better  grad 
on  board  of  our  vessels,  will  have  an  opportunity  afford- 
ed them  to  get  promotion.  They  will  have  a  chance  speed- 
ily to  find  their  way  at  once  into  the  lower  grades  of 
licensed  engineers,  and  from  those  sources  we  should  get 
men  very  quickly  who  have  the  one  great  requirement  of 
being  familiar  with  handling  machinery  and  boilers  at 
sea.  You  cannot  send  stationary  engineers  from  the  shore 
to  handle  a  marine  engine;  they  are  not  accustomed  to 
having  their  engines  rocking  about  them.  Circumstances 
are  different,  conditions  of  operation  are  different,  and 
so  we  are  engaged  upon  the  task  at  present  of  finding 
enough  marine  engineers  to  run  the  ships.   It  was  rela- 
tively a  very  simple  thing  to  get  the  ships'  it  took 
about  fourteen  minutes  three  o'clock  one  morning.  It  is 
another  and  very  different  thing  to  get  these  ships  into 
operation;  and  when  all  ready,  to  get  the  crews  and  find 
officers  for  them. 

These  are  a  few,  a  very  few  of  the  tasks  in  which 
the  Department  of  Commerce  is  itself  actively  engaged  and 
has  been.   If  any  one  of  you  should  think  that  we  were 
taken  in  any  degree  unawares  in  this  thing,  let  me  tell 
you  that  the  process  of  turning  over  the  45  ships  and  the 
crews  equipped  foi  mine  laying  to  the  officers  of  the  art: 
and  navy  when  the  hour  came  took,  I  think,  exactly  ten 


-xo& 


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.      .  .  »c 

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... 

Or  xV.;so JfKro':,:-    Jon   ots  \-$a;t    iani:,^    pnix&C  £•  0-C';n-?r   c:r 

•  -"'.         :'..    £1      rscfiric  o'J-  hut.  cj   •;.■■. ..i i §£j$    :..^!in"  a^onc 
.;      ,:;:.-: rr-xc:.;  one  :igoXo*Q   a-i-x^i    ■...-.  r.a^iffi  ^c>^yci-    :•••"• ,;- 


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I    <:;;'..:..j    -;i;-:i   nx    •,  :  :;j    ..Oi^.::  v  "ug  ixi    n. 


'  1    J-     ■;' 


.T     *.-  ^ '(  ■■;  r.y  •'       .  v1  *y  *-    ■-?     T         -T-.-**»      a,iyd|n     mCTT-*r?     ■■■,-■  i-      me\  -'  ■■    >• - 


minutes.   They  had  been  ready  for  that  operation  more 
months  than  I  weald  like  to  suggest  with  a  view  to  neu- 
trality.  (Laughter), 

Now,  gen;leme:i.  whac  can  you  do.  That  is  what  the 
American  nan  is  asking.   The  American  man  is  a  doe:>.',  and 
the  problem  is  what  can  we  do  when  we  go  home  to  discuss 
the  matter  with  the  family.  What  can  you  do?  There  are 
two  practical  things  that  every  American  man  a-nd  woman  c? 
do.   We  are  the  wasters  of  the  world,  gentlemen,  the  most 
wasteful  of  all  the  nations.   The  letters  I.  W.  W.  have 
not  always  an  ideal  significance.  But  if  they  were  chang 

from  that  which  is  familiar,  to  read the  Industrious 

Wasters  of  the  World they  would  apply  to  the  United 

States  of  America.  For  France  maintains  the  wonderful 
struggle  she  is  carrying  on  by  reason  of  the  thrift  of  th 
French  people.   It  lies  in  your  power  and  mine  and  that  o 
our  fellowmen  and  women  in  this  country  to  pay  every  yeai 
out  of  the  things  we  now  waste  the  entire  seven  thousand 
millions  of  dollars  thus  far  appropriated  for  the  war. 

I  want  to  give  you  just  a  few  practical  illustra- 
tions of  that  waste  and  the  multiform  forms  in  which  it 
occurs.   We  make,  for  example,  in  this  country  about 
20,000  tons  of  paper  a  day.   Every  pound  of  it  is  valuabj 
for  making  some  other  kind  of  paper,  every  pound  of  it. 
And  yet  we  have  imported  from  Europe  10,000  tons  a  day 
to  make  cur  paper  stock.   Why?  Because  we  cheerfully 
burned  up  and  wasted  10,000  tons  a  day,  which  is  worth  at 
present  prices  something  like  $30  a  ton.  Now,  when  an 
embargo  was  put  by  Great  Britain  and  France  upon  the  im- 
portation of  paper  stock  we  started  to  see  if  we  could 
cause  come  saving  and  issued  some  three  million  circular, 
for  the  purpose,  and  finally  a  book  to  tell  people  how  t 


xo 


7 


--■-.•-  --r  ^,(*#c'-'-v    -     *    r  r--      -  ■-    "       >    *•    -    -  fr         /y(>       .- 


r--   *      -     r.ir  .;-     -  -r ;   r     '    ' 


save  paper j,  illustrating  in  it  a  baler  that  could  "be 
bought  and  one  that  could  be  made  by  a  boy  out  of  a  dry 
goods  box.   In  some  of  these  ways,  by  constant  pressure,, 
we  have  managed  to  save  about  four  thousand  tons  a  day, 
and  recently  a  paper  trade  BBMb  insisted  I  understated  the 
saving.  But  let  us  hope  it  is  five  thousand  tons  a  day, 
To  illustrate  it  in  another  way,  the  superintendent  of 
schools  in  this  city  started  the  children  of  Washington 
last  October,  to  bringing  to  school  the  old  newspapers 
from  home.  At  the  end  of  six  months  they  had  $5,077  in 
good  money  out  of  the  old  newspapers  that  the  boys  and 
girls  brought  to  school,  and  that  is  about  the  cheapest 
kind  of  old  paper  stock,  and  yet  out  of  that  there  was 
that  saving  that  I  have  stated.   Think  of  what  that  would 
be  in  New  York  or  Chicago  or  Philadelphia,  This  is  a  cit 
where  it  would  be  less  likely  to  make  a  large  showing. 

The  extent  to  which  we  waste  is  almost  beyond  belief 
For  example,  sawdust.  What  is  it  good  for  except  to  be 
burned.  Yet  I  could  take  you  today  to  a  place  where  they 
are  making  good  turpentine,  cologne  water  and  cattle  feed 
out  of  sawdust,  and  where  they  purpose  eventually  to  make 
lemonade  (laughter)  all  of  which  would  not  be  strange  to 
a  nation  which,  like  Germany,  is  accustomed" to  apply  its 
brains  in  the  form  of  science  to  the  needs  of  the  country 
but  is  astonishing  to  us  who  worship  the  obvious  and  im- 
mediate and  let  the  real  and  important  go„   Because  saw- 
dust is  simply  a  tree  broken  up  into  its  smallest  element, 
and  every  tree  contains  sugar.  We  all  know  of  maple  suge. 
but  never  think  about  the  sugar  being  in  other  woods  but 
it  is  there  ^ust  the  same.   Take  your  sawdust  and  cook 
it  up  and  get  turpentine  out  of  it  first,  and  then  if  you 


I2.0S 


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r:*      *'iCw*. 


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mix  a  certain  acid  with  part  of  what  is  left,  you  will 
get  citric  acid.   That  is  the  acid  of  lemons.   Put  yeast 
in  part  of  what  is  left  and  in  the  ferment  you  get  a  high 
grade  of  ethyl  alcohol,  which  is  known  as  cologne  spirit; 
I  am  net  speaking  of  wood  alcohol,  for  I  know  what  that 

is 1  know  the»  difference  between  that  and  ethyl  alcohol 

But  go  beyond  even  that,  and  -with  the  sweet  thick  syrup 
left  mix  peanut  shells  ground  up  and  you  get  a  cattle- 
food  which  is  said  to  make  the  cows  smile  when  they  come 
to  eat  it.  All  of  that  Germany  would  have  done  25  years 
ago^  because  Germany  has  what  we  are  beginning  only  to 
have,  the  art  of  applying  research  to  industry. 

I  could  take  you  to  a  genetleman  who  is  using  spent 
tanbaik,  old  used  hemlock  bark.  What  is  it  worth?  Sixty 
cents  a  ton.   This  gentleman  has  put  it  to  work  making 
paper  from  about  40  per  cent  of  old  spent  hemlock  bark 
instead  of  other  material  which  costs  $70  a  ton,  because 
he  had  the  idea  of  the  seer,  seeing  into  the  unseen. 

So  I  hope  we  are  going  to  deal  practically  with  the 
enormous  problem  of  waste  involved  in  the  cartage  bill  of 
the  country.   I  have  just  caused  a  census  to  be  made,  a 
study  here  in  Washington,  of  what  the  bill  amounts  to,  an 
after  very  careful  study  in  every  way,  and  leaving  out 
many  things,  we  still  find  that  Washington  pays  8^  millic 
dollars  yearly  for  a  cartage,  while  the  railroad  bill  for 
freight  hauled  is  $7,200,000  per  annum.  The  reasonable 
probability  is  that  while  we  talk  so  much  about  the  rail: 
freight  rates  and  get  excited  about  them  and  appoint  sta"  • 
boards  and  commissions  to  regulate  them,  we  have  an  ex- 
pense in  cartage  about  three  to  five  times  as  great,  to 
which  we  pay  no  attention  at  all. 

These  are  the  things,  gentlemen,  that  America  has  g< 


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to  wake  up  to.  Germany  has  maintained  a  wonderful  strug- 
gle solely  because  the  brains  of  Germany  have  been  applies 
to  her  industry  for  a  decade  or  two  past  and  they  have 
not  universally  been  so  applied  here. 

I  went  into  one  of   the  great  Western  states  where  th 
handle  lumber  largely  and  said  to  the  manufacturer  v/ho 
was  showing  me  with  pride  the  veneering  machine  handling 
the  great  drums  of  Douglas  fir.   It  was  steamed,  as  you 
know,  in  a  familiar  way.  As  the  steam  was  rising  from  tie 
steaming  chamber,  I  said  to  the  manufacturer,  "What  is  in 
that  steam?"  He  says,  "I  don't  know."   I  said,  "Did  you 
ever  try  to  find  out?"   He  said,  "No."   I  said,  "Do  you 
not  suppose  that  all  the  volatile  products  in  that  tree 
are  gcing  off  in  that  steam?"   He  says,  "I  never  thought 
of  it,"   I  said,  "Mr.  So-and-so,  I  have  a  strong  suspi- 
cion, I  don't  know,  but  I  do  suspect  that  what  is  going 
off  in  that  steam  is  perhaps  as  valuable  as  what  you  have 
left  in  the  log*" 

Anyone  that  knows  what  is  taken  out  of  petroleum, 
what  is  taken  out  of  coal  tar,  so  that  many  of  the  produc 
most  familiar  to  us  as  the  original  products  have  become 
by-products;  one  who  knows  that  meat  after  all  is  now 
practically  a  by-product  of  a  cow,  and  that  there  are  mai. 
many  things  more  which  would  pay  for  manufacturing,  if 
there  were  no  meat  left,  anyone  who  knows  what  has  been 
done  can  see  if  they  will  use  imagination  what  there  is 
left  to  do.   Germany  had  the  great  dyestuff  industry,  an 
enormous  one.   She  dyed  the  world  all  sorts  of  colors  two 
and  a  half  or  three  years  ago.   Why  didn't  we  have  it? 
She  applied  her  brains  and  we  didn't. 

Take  the  case  of  the  osage  orange  growing  wild  all 
over  our  southwest  and  central  states.   It  was  long  unuse 


:>r,ni;' 


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yet  within  a  year  after  the  war  began  one  concern  was  us|^ 
eight  hundred  thousand  pounds  a  month  to  make  a  yellow 
dye  (Aurantine)  out  of  the  osage  orange,  never  used  be- 
fore, to  replace  fustic  hitherto  imported  from  South  Amer 
ica.  We  let  this  resource  pass  all  these  years. 

These  are  the  problems  before  us  today.   Stop  the 
waste.  America  should  use  the  vision  that  looks  into 
things  and  not  merely  glance  along  the  outer  crust. 

Now,  secondly  and  finally,  Carlyle  has  written  some- 
thing which  ought  to  be  put  over  the  front  of  every 
American  capital  and  factory.  "Produce,"  said  he,  "in 
God1 s  name,  produce."   "If  it  be  only  the  feeblest,  in- 
finitesimal kind  of  a  product,  produce  it",  said  he,  "in 
God*s  name," 

Let  us  remember  soberly  and  seriously,  gentlemen, 
that  we  stand  face  to  face  in  this  country  with  a  shortage 
of  food,  a  shortage  of  leather,  a  shortage  of  many,  many 
things  unless  we  will  produce.  He  who  having  the  capa- 
city to  produce  fails  to  produce  is  so  far  ignoring  or 
neglecting  his  country^  need. 

A  friend  of  mine  wrote  me  today  about  his  son  whom  ho 
wanted  to  get  a  job  in  the  army.  The  boy  had  some  trouble 
with  his  sight  and  was  afraid  he  could  not  get  an  officer- 
commission,  and  yet  had  an  idea  he  wanted  to  fight.   I 
told  him  to  go  and  fight  the  soil  of  his  country,  get  on 
the  farm  and  get  busy  with  it  and  work  there. 

Those  are  the  two  big  things  that  I  would  like  to 

leave  in  your  mind  if  you  forget  all  else,  as  you  may. 

Stop  waste;  and  produce.   Whatever  it  is  that  comes  to 

your  hand  to  do,  produce  it,   In  these  two  ways,  gentlemer. 

worked  out  to  the  full,  we  can  carry  the  load  of  this  war 

without  serious  suffering. 

I  thank  you. 

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The  Presiding  Officer  (Mr.  Gifford):   Gentlemen, 
the  Chair  will  announce  the  Committee  on  Questions. 
Governor  Pleasant,  of  Louisiana. 
Governor  Boyle,  of  Nevada. 
Robert  N.  Stanfield,  of  Oregon,. 
George  W.  Pepper,  of  Pennsylvania. 
Christie  Ben^tjt,  of  South  Carolina. 
James  J.  Storrow,  of  Massachusetts. 
Samuel  Install,  of  Illinois. 

As  Massachusetts  was  the  first  of  the  States  mentioned 
to  have  a  Committee  on  Public  Safety,  I  'will  ask  that  Mr. 
Storrow  act  as  chairman  of  it,  and  -J  suggest  that  the 
Committee  meet  immediately  after  our  session  at  the  Y/ar 
Department.   ThaJ-  will  be  at  5  o*  clock,  that  is,  we  will 
leave  ibsz£ln  time  to  be  there  at  five. 

MR.  STORROW:    Is  it  too  much  to  call  a  roll  and  see 
if  these  gentlemen  are  all  here. 

(On  calling  roll  all  were  indicated  as  being  present 
except  Mrc  Pepper). 

THE  PRESIDING  OFFICER  (MR.  GIFFORC):    Our  next 
epeakar  will  be  Mr-  Elliott  Wadsworth,  of  the  Red  Cross, 
who  will  tell  us  about  the  relations  of  the  Red  Cross  to 
the  state  organizations. 

Gentlemen,  I  introduce  Mr,  Elliott  fadsworth. 

MR.  ELLIOTT  WADSWORTH. 
VICE  CHAIRMAN  RED  CROSS  SOCIETY. 

Mr.  Director,  ladies  and  gentlemen,  All  the  invita- 
tions  that  I  have  had  to  speak  here  have  said,  "Arrive  at 
2,20  sharp  and  speak  for  twenty  minutes .n   I  have  had 
eight  different  memoranda  to  that  effect,  and  am  going  to 


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try  to  tell  you  this  story  in  twenty  minutes  if  I  possibly 
can. 

The  Red  Cross  for  the  first  time  in  its  history  is 
faced  with  the  carrying  on  of  military  duties  that  have 
devolved  upon  it.   The  duty  of  the  Red  Cross,  the  pur- 
poses for  which  it  is  incorporated,  are  to  furnish  volun- 
teer aid  to  the  sick  and  wounded  of  the  army  and  navy  in 
time  of  war;  to  act  in  matters  of  volunteer  relief,  and 
in  accord  with  the  naval  and  military  authorities,  to  serve 
as  a  medium  of  communication  between  the  people  of  the 
United  States  and  their  army  and  navy;  to  continue  and 
carry  on  a  system  of  national  and  international  relief  in 
time  of  peace,  8£&   to  apply  the  same  in  mitigating  the 
sufferings  caused  by  pestilence,  famine,  fire,  floods  and 
other  great  national  calamities;  and  to  devise  and  carry 
on  measure  for  preventing  such  calamities. 

The  Red  Cross  as  incorporated  by  Congress  is  governed 
by  a  board  of  18,  six  appointed  by  the  President,  repre- 
senting six  departments  of  the  Government.   The  Board 
now  appointed  by  the  President  consists  of  Surgeon  General 
Gorgas,  Surgeon-General  Braisted,  Secretary  Lansing,  Secre- 
tary Lane,  Assistant  Secretary  John  W.  Davis,  and  John 
Skelton  Williams,  representing  the  Treasury.   There  were 
six  members  elected  by  the  Board  of  Incorporators,  and  six 
by  the  chapters  through  delegates  meeting  once  a  year  here 
in  Washington  ,  Each  committee  elects  a  committee  of  seven, 
which  is  really  an  executive  committee  and  manages  the  Red 
Cross. 

Our  work  is. divided  roughly  into  two  classes,  military 
and  civilian.  This  little  diagram  I  have  here  on  the  wall 
is  really  too  smalj.  for  tkia  rocm,  but  it  shows  the  basis 
on  which  we  develop  the  chapters  throughout  the  country. 


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These  chapters  are  the  foundation  of  our  work.   In  each 
community  the  members  of  the  Red.  Cross  incorporate  them- 
selves into  a  chapter,  elect  an  executive  committee,  and 
they  are  the  Red  Cross  of  that  city,  or  county,  or  what- 
ever territory  may  be  allotted  to  them.   The  country  has 
been  going  almost  wild  over  this  work.  We  had  272  new  chap- 
ters on  February  first,  26  in  February,  74  in  March,  and 
170  in  April,  making  542  communities  on  the  first  day  of 
Kay  that  had  the  Red  Cross.  We  carry  on  from  Washington 
the  work  of  the  Red  Cross  through  this  chapter  almost 
entirely  by  volunteers.  The  military  relief  committee 
in  Washington  deals  with  the  military  relief  committee  of 
the  chapter,  and  the  civilian  relief  committee  deals  with 
the  similar  committee.   In  addition  to  these  two  commit- 
tees, there  is  the  committee  of  department  chapters, 
which  is  the  one  that  manages  organisation  questions,  and 
we  are  gradually  going  through  the  country.   We  have  now 
some  3S  field  agents  and  *e  hope  to  get  through  the  whole 
country  by  summer  or  early  fall  and  get  these  chapters 
into  some  standard  shape,  particularly  the  newer  ones. 

As  to  the  -.--'k  they  do,  in  the  first  place  they  are 
to  take  care  of  supplemental  needs,  comfort  of  the  troops, 
and  to  provide  supplementary  supplies,  such  as  hospital 
garments,  surgical  dressing,  sheets,  pillow  cases,  blan- 
kets where  needed,  etc,  to  the  hospitals.   The  committees 
are  ordinarily  to  finance  for  hospital  garments,  surgical 
supplies,  comfort  bags.   There  is  also  a  committee  for 
cooperation  with  outside  organizations,  committee  of 
education,  and  Committee  of  Membership.   I  will  briefly 
sketch  what  these  committees  are  to  do, 

The  Finance  Committee:   They  get  the  money  that  is 
needed  to  buy  supplies, 


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The  Hospital  garments  and  Gurgioal  supplies  commit- 
tee  run  all  the  eewing  classes-   In  Washington  there  are 
38  different  organizations  in  this  work,  cooperating  with 
the  Red  Cross. 

Cooperation  of  outside  organizations.  The  Red 
Cross  tries  to  coordinate  its  work  with  that  of  other  or- 
ganizations to  make  it  effective,  and  through  the  local 
chapter  to  coordinate  the  relief  work  of  the  community. 

Education  committees  have  chci^e  of  the  giving  of 
courses  in  home  nursing.   It  gives  the  women  a  general 
outline  at  a  meeting  each  month  of  the  details  of  home 
nursing  such  as  making  a.  bed  under  a  patient  and  certain 
effective  measures  in  case  of  emergency.   It  may  prove  to 
be  a  very  valuable  thing  in  a  household  to  have  the  head 
of  the  house  fami?j.iar  with  a  certain  amount  of  nursing 
work,  and  if  we  have  to  mobilize  our  r;'.'.r-3.3-- .-iiji"e  itt  great 
numbers  it  will,  of  course,  increase  the  work  that  will 
devolve  on  every  household. 

They  learn  the  principles  of  first  aid  and  dietetics. 

Membership  is  an  important  thing  in  that  it  increases 
the  personnel  of  the  Red  Cross  constituency  with  which 
we  can  work  and  gives  us  our  income.  A  year  and  a  quarter 
ago,  January  1,  1916,  we  had  25,000  members;  today  we  have 
over  500,000  members,  and  they  are  getting  in  sometimes 
as  high  as  25,000  a  day  to  chapters  and  to  headquarters. 
There  is  no  such  thing  as  free  membership  in  the  Red 
Cross.  The  cheapest  membership  is  $1,  then  $2,  $5,  $10. 
If  we  get  a  million  members  and  we  hope  to  do  it  this 
year,  it  will  give  us  a  substantial  income  in  the  chap- 
ters and  the  headquarters  to  carry  on  this  work. 

Tiie  military  relief  work  is  thoroughly  in  accord 
with  the  army  r   io;:.l  corps,,   Colonel  Kane  and  Major 

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Patterson  are  detailed  to  us  by  the  War  Department  to 
carry  on  our  military  preparation.  General  Gorgas  works 
very  closely  with  us  on  medical  questions.   They  have 
prepared  a  book  of  regulations — "Regulations  Governing 
the  Management  of  the  American  Red  Cross  in  Time  of  War", 
and  this  book  provided  for  11  different  units  or  chapters, 
dealing  with  ambulance  companies,  base  hospitals,  hospi- 
tal units,  etc.,  nursing  detachments,  sanitary  training 
detachments,  information  sections,  refreshment  units 
and  detachments  at  the  depots  when  troops  are  passing 
through,  supply  depots,  general  hospitals,  and  convales- 
cent homes. 

Colonel  Kane  working  through  the  military  side  of  the 
Department  has  organized  already  38  base  hospitals,  each 
one  capable  of  taking  care  of  500  beds*  Many  of  these 
were  started  a  yearago  and  they  are  ready  today.  They  are 
so  ready  that  when  the  Governments the  foreign  govern- 
ments  asked  to  have  nurses  and  doctors  sent  to  Europe, 

the  quickest  and  most  effective  way  was  to  oall  out  six 
of  these  base  hospitals  and  they  were  in  on  24  hours1 
notice,  and  we  ::.\>e  to  get  them  off  in  a  very  few  days. 
They  come  from  six  different  cities.  We  didn*t  want  to 
call  too  many  from  one  city.  Among  them  are  Doctor  Crile 
of  Cleveland,  Doctor  Harvey  Cushing,  Doctor  Murphy,  of 
St.  Louis,  and  others.  This  means  150  doctors  and  300 
trained  nurses  with  all  the  personnel  that  goes  with  them. 
It  takes  about  180  people  to  a  hospital.   They  are  now 
being  uniformed  and  equipped  with  what  little  equipment 
they  are  allowed  to  take  with  them  and  we  hope  that  they 
will  be  mobilized  in  New  York  in  a  few  days  and  sail  when 
they  have  accommodations  for  them.   It  is  the  first  evi- 
dence,, the  best  evidence  of  what  it  is  to  be  prepared, 


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that   instead  of  sending  a  heterogeneous  lot   of  150  doctors 
and  300  nurses  we   take  this  hospital  base  unit  that   is 
already  organized  and   send   it.      It   is  generally  agreed 
that   you  cannot   throw  25  doctors  and  50  nurses   and  a  lot 
of  cooks,   orderlies,   helpers  and  other  people,   no  matter 
how  skilful  they  may  he,    into  a  hospital,   however  well 
equipped  it   may  be,   and  have  a  hospital  for  a  number  of 
weeks.     But  these  people  are  mobilized  and   enlisted,    they 
are  what  we  call  a  mother  hospital;    they  are   all   in  it    or 
have  been  in  it   as  house     officers  or  nurses  and  have  worked 
together.     When  they  move   into   some  hospital    in  England 
or  France  they  will  be  able  to  run  it   the  day  they  arrive. 

In  addition  to  enlisting  this  personnel,   they  have 
raised  money,   twenty-five  to  thirty  thousand  dollars,   at 
least,   to  buy  the  equipment.     They  buy  the  blankets, 
pillows,   etc.,    surgical    instruments,    sterilizers,   and 
everything  that  goes  to  make  up  a  hospital.     The  sewing 
committees  have  made  up  the  surgical  dressings,   pajamas, 
towels,  and  what  not.     These  things   in  many  cases  are  al- 
Teady  started  and  we  have  them  stored  at  different  places, 
at  Boston,   and  points   in  various   other  parts  of  the  coun- 
try.     So  if  we  wanted  to  equip  a  unit,    say,    in  El  Paso, 
Texas,   we  could  call  the  unit,   load  the   equipment   into 
nine  freight   cars,   which   is  about  what   it  takes.«and  start 
the  personnel  and  equipment  off  by  special   train  and  land 
them  there   ready  to  work  and  everything  with  them  to 
wonc  with,, 

I  am  sure   you  will   all  remember  the   situation  in  the 
Spanifcb.  War  and  realize  how  precious   it  would  have  been 
to  have  had  a  few  of  these  units. 

?tl  a  modem  war  we  can  only  provide  for  the  care  of 
18,000   bads  at   the  present   time.      It  has  been  as  hard  a 

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work  to  interest  people  in  these  things  even  during  tne 
last  year  as  it  has  been  to  work  up  interest  in  national 
compulsory  service.  Colonel  Kane  and  the  others  have 
worked  very  hard.  Since  February  1st  it  has  come  along 
with  great  speed,  however.  We  have  500  units  practically 
ready,  850  base  hospitals,  15  ambulance  companies,  47  . 
emergency  detachments  of  nurses,  and  12  sanitary  training 
detachments,  and  new  ones  are  being  formed  every  day.  The 
different  chapters  pitch  in  and  say,  if  our  town  is  called 
upon  we  want  to  send  our  own  units  properly  equipped.  We 
will  go  out  and  raise  the  money,  appoint  the  best  doctor 
in  town,  which  automatically  makes  him  an  officer  in  the 
reserve  corps,  gives  him  a  commission,  and  the  day  he  is 
called  he  becomes  an  officer  in  the  army,  and  the  nurses 
become  a  part  of  the  army  medical  corps. 

That  brings  me  to  nurses the  Red  Cross  nurses  you 

have  all  heard  of.   She  is  simply  a  trained  nurse  who  has 
been  carried  through  the  proper  amount  of  details,  has 
filed  her  training  and  examination  with  the  American  Red 
Cross,  which  have  been  approved  and  she  must  be  between 
25  and  44,  must  pass  a  physical  examination,  be  immunized 
against  certain  diseases*  and  all  that  being  done  she  can 
go  into  the  army  medical  corps  without  any  further  detail 
at  all.  We  have  been  asked  already  to  have  nurses  report 
at  various  naval  hospitals  and  we  are  able  to  get  them 
there  on  12  hours  notice.  There  are  nearly  9,000  of  these 
nurses  ready  now,  completely  trained,  with  all  their 
qualifications  known,  and  further  than  that  they  have  been 
organized  :.n  many  cities  in  detachments.  We  can  call 
10  nurses  by  one  telegram  for  the  army;  the  navy  detach- 
ments are  IE  nurses.   We  wire  simply  to  one  person,  the 
head  of  the  detachment,  and  they  call  the  others  at  once 


who  are  desired. 

Now  in  Europe  we  are  not  doing  that  work  although  we 
are  carrying  on  a  large  amount  of  work  there  since  the 
war  began  and  are  hoping  to  increase  it  tremendously. 
Every  one  of  these  550  chapters  is  producing  at  a  great 
rate  the  surgical  dressings.,  hospital  garments  and  other 
things  so  much  needed,  particularly  in  France  now.  We 
have  been  holding  them  back  since  February  1st  with  the 
idea  that  we  must  have  these  hospitals  ready,  the  base 
hospitals.  We  find  we  have  ample  supplies  and  we  are 
going  to  send  out  notices  to  the  chapters  to  send  every- 
thing they  have  in  the  way  of  Red  Cross  supplies  to  New 
York  and  from  t!  ;... e  to  send  them  to  Europe. 

Now  as  to  civilian  relief,  that,  of  course,  is  an  old 
story  for  the  Red  Cross.  We  have  been  doing  that  for  ten 
or  twelve  years.   It  has  always  been  the  Red  Cross  theory 
to  utilize  any  existing  agency  in  a  community  for  their 
work. 

We  have  what  is  known  as  the  institutional  member, 
which  consists  of  charity  organisations  or  societies  in 
any  community.   In  New  York  the  charity  organizations  of 
the  city  has  an  institutional  board,  and  when  we  have  re- 
lief operations  such  as  in  the  Triangle  fire  there,  we 
call  upon  all  their  skilled  workers  to  take  charge  of  it, 
and  the  Red  Cross  chapter  there  raises  the  money0  The 
immediate  problem  of  civilian  relief  which  seems  to  come 
up  to  the  Red  Cross  is  the  supplemental  care  of  the 
families  of  soldiers,   It  is  a  very  complicated  piece  of 
business.  We  did  some  of  it  last  summer;  many  other  or- 
ganizations did  some  of  it.   Nowj,  we  are  doing  it  in  more 
places  than  we  did  last  year.   In  some  States,  such  as 


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Massachusetts,  the  Governor  appointed  last  year  a  volun- 
teer aid  society  which  carried  on  the  work.   But  in  New 
York  and  Brooklyn  we  are  doing  it  all,  and  in  Cleveland 
and  Chicago  and  St.  Louis  we  are  doing  it  but  in  other 
places  where  other  organizations  are  in  existence  we  have 
not  started  any  parallel  organization  but  have  endeavored 
to  cooperate  and  help  them. 

If  the  work  develops  as  it  did  in  Canada,  which  it 
probably  will  not  in  this  country  for  a  long  while,  it 
will  become  an  i-  creasing  burrden  on  the  smaller  communi- 
ties who  cannot  raise  the  money  so  easily.   In  Canada  the 
big  cities  such  as  Montreal  and  Toronto  particularly, 
raised  the  bulk  of  the  money.   In  the  smaller  communi- 
ties the  individual  farmer  who  went  to  war  left  his  familye 
We  therefore  want  not  only  a  local  fund  which  is  raised  by 
the  chapter  but  a  national  fund  to  fill  in  the  soft  spots 
where  they  can't  get  any  money.   New  York  City  is  part 
of  the  national  headquarters  so  that  whatever  is  raised 
there  will  become  national  funds  subject  to  the  needs 
of  New  York  City,  and  we  shall  have  to  call  on  other  chap- 
ters to  raise  money  if  necessary  and  turn  it  into  the 
general  fund.  To  cover  that  vtork  we  have  arranged  with 
Mr,  Lees,  the  head  of  the  United  Charities  in  the  city  of 
Chicago,  with  Mr.  Mag ruder,  the  head  of  the  United  Chari- 
ties in  Baltimore ,  Parsons,  head  of  the  society  in  New 
York,  and  they  are  here  working  out  a  national  program 
to  carry  on  that  work  should  it  devolve  upon  the  Red 
Cross.   We  started  upon  this  after  the  President  read  a 
letter  a  month  ago  at  the  Red  Cross  meeting  in  which  he 
said  the  Red  Cross  should  undertake  this  work.  We  rea- 
lize fully  that  it  is  being  considered  by  many  other  or- 
ganizations particularly  this  Council  of  National  Defense, 


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the  United  States  Chamber  of  Commerce,  and  while  it  may 
not  devolve  upon  us  ultimately  we  are  getting  ready  to 
take  care  of  it  if  it  does,  and  we  are  actually  doing 
the  work  today  in  many  places. 

We  are  working  it  out  in  this  way.   In  Brooklyn  every 
relief  society  has  appointed  a  delegate  who  becomes  a 
part  of  the  Civilian  Relief  Committee  of  the  chapter  so 
that  we  simply  have  as  the  relief  organization  the  Red 
Cross  with  every  relief  organization  in  Brooklyn  and  all 
the  ir  facilities  and  their  records  of  what  has  been  done. 
The  same  thing  is  true  in  New  York  and  in  Cleveland,  and 
is  rapidly  becoming  true  in  many  other  cities.  We  have 
made  an  arrangement  with  the  State  Charities  Aid  Associa- 
tion in  New  York  headed  by  Mr.  Homer  Foulkes,  whom  pro- 
bably some  of  you  may  know,  which  works  all  over  the 
State  doing  tuberculosis  work  and  other  charity  work, 
so  that  their  entire  facilities  are  at  our  disposal  to 
cover  the  State  of  New  York,  in  taking  up  this  family 
relief  work. 

We  have  divided  the  country  into  sections  with  a 
supervisor  in  each  section  who  will  go  about  from  one  place 
to  another,  one  committee  to  another,  and  in  this  way  I 
think  we  have  done  what  we  could  to  take  the  steps  that 
could  be  done  before  the  need  arises.  There  is  one  thing 
we  must  not  overlook  in  connection  with  this  family  re- 
lief work.   It  is  not  a  question  simply  of  providing  money 
to  people  when  the  head  of  the  family  goes  away.   It  has 
been  found  in  Canada  that  a  family  needed  much  more  than 
getting  a  check  once  a  month;  it  needed  to  be  visited  and 
guided.   Very  often  the  mother  could  not  handle  the  situa- 
tion;, it  has  been  found  that  children  refused  to  go  bo 
school,  that  the  mother  did  not  know  how  to  handle  the 


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money>  and  was  out  of  money  by  the  middle  of  the  month* 
They  have  been  obliged  actually  to  pay  the  families:  bills 
from  headquarters  in  order  to  tide  them  along  whe'ra  a 
man  has  been  the  one  who  has  handled  everything  of  that 
sort*   It  has  been,  of  course,  a  very  fruitful  ground  for 
graft,  and  the  greatest  care  is  taken  by  visiting  every 
one  who  receives  help  to  make  sure  they  are  not  getting  the 
help  from  three  or  four  different  sources,  beginning  with 
the  employer,  and  then  the  government,  and  then  the  neigh- 
bors, and  then  supplementary  help  from  the  patriotic  fund, 
There  are,  of  course,  many  other  questions  on  which  they 
need  help.   The  questions  of  legal  status,  of  landlord 
and  tenant,  their  debts,  and  so  forth  arise.   In  many 
ways  it  is  an  ex-  „rt  job* 

Now,  as  to  the  general  work  of  the  chapter,  the  chap- 
ters of  course,  vary  in  their  effectiveness  as  much  as 
many  chambers  of  commerce  do  in  this  country.  We  are 
trying  to  make  them  more  effective.  They  will  do  little 
things  for  the  troops  which  they  have  already  done  in 
many  cases.   In  one  city  a  regiment  was  called  out  the 
other  day  and  ordered  somewhere  in  the  State.  They  had 
been  unable  to  refill  their  medical  supplies.  The  chap- 
ter went  around  to  the  drugstores  and  filled  up  their 
medical  stores.  Another  chapter  found  a  little  hospital 
of  30  beds  started  very  suddenly  by  a  little  epidemic 
and  they  provided  blankets,  sheets  and  things  of  that  kind 
from  their  reserves;  sheets,  pillow  cases.   In  other 
cases  they  provide  delicacies  for  the  men, and  given  them 
refreshments  as  ..hey  passed  through  the  cities,   Tnis  was 
particularly  so  last  summer  when  the  militia  mobilised c 

Now,  as  to  the  relations  Q~  these  chapters  to  your 
cofiuittsesj  I  hope  that  they  will  be  worked  cut  satis- 


•'     r. 


$U*t\  -'  •••■•     ** 


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factorily  and  that  the  chapters  will  confine  themselves  to 
certain  duties,  and  that  the  committees  will  be  able  to 
see  that  they  are  supported  in  that  particular  line  of 
work  and  that  the  community  gets  back  of  them.   The  chap- 
ter is  just  as  good  as  the  community  makes  it  and  if  the 
community  gets  behind  the  Red  Cross  committee,  they  can 
make  it  a  first  class  organization  to  centralize  this 
particular  work  under  it  and  deliver  the  goods  whenever 
the  need  arises*   I  hope  there  wonH  be  any  overlapping] 
if  there  is  that  they  will  communicate  with  our  division 
directors  who  are  established  in  Boston,  New  York,  Chicago, 
Denver,  San  Francisco,  New  Orleans  and  Atlanta,   It  seems 
to  me  that  these  forces  which  really  represent  the  volun- 
teer desire  to  h.'..p  along  certain  lines  should  be  fostered 
and  encouraged,  and  that  these  committees  can  be  of  great 
assistance  to  you,-     (Applause), 

THE  PRESIDING  OFFICER  (MR,  GIFFORD):   Gentlemen, 
Mr,  Roaenwald,  chairman  of  the  committee  on  supplies, 
including  clothing,  has  called  attention  to  the  fact  that 
there  may  be  a  shortage  of  wool,  and  that  the  Home  Defense 
guards  now  being  formed  requiring  woolen  uniforms  may  be 
a  derious  interference  with  the  supply  needed  in  other 
directions  for  the  war.   I  simply  call  that  to  your  atten- 
tion, and  with  that  as  an  excuse,  I  am  going  to  ask  Mr, 
Rosenwald  to  talk  to  you. 

Gentlemen,  I  introduce  Mr,  Rosenwald,  of  Chicago. 

MR,  JULIUS  ROSENWALD. 

Gentlemen,  the  Director,  Mr.  Gifford,  asked  me  to 
talk  about  five  minutes  and  I  will  try  to  keep  within  that 
tiaw.   This  job  reminds  me  of  a  little  story  o;c  a  woran 


-"  ♦    .".•»?  •i 


!?t-I^i         "I' 


}  ,■ 


*'--v.-jiS*,tfs    -\->c.  -.    -~4    -ic-viror    fcn>-, 


'r,- 


isKfi   'x  is-^rrtf  vs.. 


who  got  on  a  street  car  with  seven  children*   The  con- 
ductor asked  her,  "Are  all  those  your  children;  or  are 
you  going  to  a  picnic  with  them?"   And  the  woman  answered, 
"They  are  all  my  children,  but  it  is  not  a  picnic."  And 
so  it  is  with  this  job.   It  is  not  a  picnic, 

I  was  extremely  anxious  to  get  up  here  yesterday  and 
be  present  to  hear  what  was  going  on,  but  we  were  meeting 
with  some  cotton  goods  men,  and  again  this  morning,  with 
the  munitions  board  the  question  came  up  about  uniforms. 
Somebody  said,  v,"  -\t  are  we  going  to  do  about  uniforming 
these  men  that  vie  are  getting.   The  question  came  up  then, 
shall  we  put  these  men  in  cheaper  uniforms  or  let  them  go 
without  uniforms,  and  one  of  the  men  said,  well,,  if  we 
do,  then  the  spirit  of  the  whole  thing  is  gone.  We  are  be- 
tween the  devil  and  the  deep  sea.   The  reason  I  bring  it 
up  is  that  I  hope  you  will  carry  the  word  back  with  you  that 

we  are  doing  the  best  we  can  undef  the  circumstances, 

that  is,  that  we  are  not  permitted  under  the  law  now  to 
give  out  contracts  until  the  money  is  appropriated,, 
One  of  the  results  may  be  that  they  will  blame  the  Council 
of  National  Defense, 


ZZ4 


In  that  connect ion  I  just  wanted  to  say  a  thing  that 
has  come  to  my  notice,  and  that  I  have  changed  my  mind  a 
good  deal  about  since  I  came  down  here,  and  that  is  about 
the  efficiency  in  the  governmental  departments,   I  find 
that  for  the  most  part  we  have  got  first-class  fellows  on 
the  job.   Now  I  don't  mean  to  say  that  they  are  in  every 
case  the  men  that  we  would  secure  in  our  business  to  do  the 
job,  but  they  understand  the  work  that  they  are  doing,  and 
they  are  as  conscientious  as  any  men  I  ever  saw.  They 
won't  let  a  thing  get  away  from  the  Government  if  they  can 
help  it.  I  have  been  in  some  departments,  and  with  reference 
to  one  department  particularly,  I  told  our  fellows  when  I 
went  home I  said,,  "You  fellows  think  that  this  Govern- 
ment does' nt  know  how  to  run  a  business.,   I  want  you  to 
look  over  these  orders  that  are  issued  in  this  department 
for  the  running  of  it,  and  see  whether  ours  are  any  better, 
and  in  many  cases  as  good."  And  they  had  to  admit  that 
they  had  no  idea  that  there  was  any  Government  department 
that  issued  orders  of  that  kind. 

This  man  has  a  row  of  -offices,  and  he  has  had  every 
door  taken  out  between  those  offices  so  that  he  can  see 
through  the  whole  row  of  offices,   No  man  is  allowed  to 
take  a  newspaper  in  there,  except  to  keep  it  in  his  locker 
and  use  it  at  noon.  He  can't  put  it  in  the  desk.  He  does 
not  allow  any  baskets  on  the  desks.,  because  baskets  are 
made  to  hold  stuff,  and  this  department  doesn't  want  to 
hold  anything j  things  are  there  to  go  through,   I  just  bring 
that  out  to  illustrate  that  the  Government  is  better  than 
most  of  us  think  it  is,  and  I  for  one  apologize  to  them, 
(Applause) 

Now  there  is  just  one  more  word  one  more  idea  that 

has  been  in  my  mind  a  good  deal  since  I  have  been  down  here, 


•v  ft  I    ;;-.t;f?.  rvifjq    t 

■J  .  (j   ■  •■  '       .     .  >:\  H:'~C  -:i^:--   i  ■    ■'■  I   •-■  '         ""■■'.; 

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particularly  since  war  was  declared,  and  that  is  this; 

That  I  think  we  ought  to  be  extremely  careful  to  prevent 

as  much  as  possible  anybody  antagonising  the  alien.  We 

can't  afford  to  have  people  among  us  who  feel  that  they  arc 

under  suspicion,  that  there  is  any  discrimination  against 

them,  because,  ladies  and  gentlemen,  we  are  all  aliens  one 

or  two  or  three  generations  back*  A  few  of  us  may  be  more. 

but  mighty  few.  And  the  alien,  to  my  mind,  is  just  as  good 

a  citizen  as  the  other  fellow,  as  the  American  born,  and  ii, 

is  as  important  as  anything  else  that  we  be  as  considerate 

as  possible,,  because  we  cannot  put  ourselves  in  the  place 

of  these  people  who  are  just  as  loyal  as  we  are  and  Still 

have  something  in  their  hearts  that  reminds  them  of  their 

mother-country.  This  question  never  comes  up  but  what  I 

tljink  of  how  careful  we  must  be  not  to  antagonize  anybody 

in  connection  with  this  unpleasant  situation.   We  will  get 

a  great  deal  farther  if  we  are  very  very  careful  and  guard 

against  anything  of  that  kind, 

to 
There  is  just  one  thing  I  want  to  refer/before  I  stop,, 

and  that  is  of  the  loyalty  of  the  industries  with  which  our 

department  has  come  in  contact.  We  have  had  the  finest 

kind  of  cooperation  from  every  source  that  we  have  asked-. 

We  have  asked  people  from  many  industries  to  come  down 

here;  they  have  come  willingly,  they  have  said,  "We  want 

to  do  whatever  the  Government  wants  us  to  do,"   There 

hasn't  been  a  single  dissenting  voice,  They  said,  "We 

will  throw  aside  our  regular  business  to  whatever  extent 

the  Government  wants  us  toj  we  will  put  in  Government  bus: 

ness  at  less  profit  than  we  are  getting;  we  will  peg  the 

price  for  a  quantity  so  that  you  needn't  be  afraid  of 

a  rise".  This  is  in  several  industries,  and  altogether 

the  spirit  has  been  wonderful;  and  if  that  message  is 

2Z£ 


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carried  back  I  am  sure  we  will  get  that  same  response  fro? 
everybody  in  all  the  states  of  the  country  (Applause) • 

THE  PRESOIHG  OFFICER  MR,  GIFFORD:   Gentlemen,  Dr, 
Anna  Howard  Shaw,  chairman  of  our  committee  on  Womens 
Defense  work  is  here,  and  will  say  a  few  words  to  you  in 
regard  to  the  work  which  women  can  do  in  the  war. 

STATEMENT  OF  DR.  ANNA  HOWARD  SHAW, 

DR.  SHAW:   Ladies  and  gentlemen,  I  have  no  well- 
defined  plan  of  our  committee  to  bring  before  your  body. 
The  first  call  of  our  committee  was  made  on  last  Friday, 
We  immediately  summoned  the  members;  and  one  of  them  has 
only  just  arrived,  although  she  took  the  first  train  to 
reach  here.  We  have  been  in  consultation  for  two  days 
and  we  have  tried  to  lay  out  a  plan  by  which  we  could  do 
some  effective  work. 

We  have  been  reading  the  papers  to  find  out  what  the 
people  of  the  country  and  the  Government  expect  that  women 
can  do.  We  find  first  that  women  are  to  be  the  inspirers 
of  men,  to  fill  them  with  the  enthusiasm  which  is  essentia 
in  order  to  fill  up  the  ranks  of  the  Army  and  Navy  with 
defenders  whose  hearts  are  free  to  give  the  best  possible 
service  to  their  country.  We  are  not  only  to  be  the  in- 
spirers of  men  and  furnish  the  enthusiasm,  but  we  are  to 
be  the  calm,  well-dire iplined,,  home-loving  people  who  are 
to  keep  harmony  and  the  conditions  of  society  and  the 
Government  from  beinn;  disturbed. 

Then  we  are  tolrf.  by  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  tha 
there  is  waste  of  $o   much  of  the  property  of  the  country 

so  much  i3  wasted  in   the  homes that  we  could  feed 

the  whole  Army  with  it. 

So  we  are  to  inspire  the  people;  we  are  to  keep  then* 

xxy 


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calm  and  we  are  to  save   enough   to   feed  them  and   to  do  ft 
great  many  other  things  which  are  now  laid  upon  the   notseti. 
of  the   country.      The  women  have   as    readily  as  men,    now  ar/ 
always,    responded  to  every  call  the   country  has  made  upon 
them,    and   in  the  beginning   of  the  war    in  Europe  the  women 
readily  responded,   but   did  not    know  what   to  do.      They  sai -\ 
as  they  are   saying  here    in  this   country,    "Here  we  are; 
use  us" ,      And   so  not  having  any  special   directions   as   to 
how  their   services  would  be  best    rendered  to   this   country- 
different  groups  of  women  have  organized  different   socie- 
ties,  different  organizations,   and  have   started  out   on 
different  lines  of  work,  many  of   them  duplicating  the  worl 
For    instance,    I  have   receivedfrom  six  different   societies 
of  women  a  tabulated  form  which  I   am  expected  to  fill   out 
to   tell   the  different  kinds   of  work  that   I  would  be  will- 
ing to  do  for   the  Government,      Now  then  I  suppose  this   is 
being   sent  to  every  one   of  the  different   societies,   who 
are  tabulating  the  women,   who  are   registering  the  women 
of  the  country,   duplicating  the   work  over  and  over  again 
The  Government  has  discovered  that  women  are  ready  to  wo:  i. 
but  that  without  any  definite  aim  the  work  is  duplicated 
and  they  are  now  making  an  effort   to  find  out  how  to 
gather  up  the   services  of  the  women  of  the  country;   and  1 
suppose  this   is  what  led  to  the   appointment  of  our  commit- 
tee,  and  we  are  now   in  session  without  any  well-defined 
plan  of  work,   except  first,    that  we  are   intending  to  call 
to  our   assistance-  all  the  various  organizations  of  women 
in  the  different   states,   to  find   out  how  many  organizatic 
of  women  there  are  who  are   doing  patriotic   service,    tabu- 
lating  th,-:oe   organizations;    then  to  discover  how  many  of 
them  are  duplicating   each  other's  work,   and  as   far  as 
possible   to  coordinate  the   work  under  the  direction  of   b< 

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one  particular  organization,  dividing  up  the  work  among 
the  different  organizations  of  women.  We  are  to  coordinate 
work  and  to  seek  the  cooperation  of  all  these  varied  womens' 
societies,  many  of  which  have  been  organized  for  years  and 
are  accustomed  to  work  together  so  that  they  will  know 
how  to  work  together  and  to  bring  the  result  of  that  service 
to  the  central  body,  whatever  that  central  body  may  be.  Not 
only  are  we  to  discover  how  many  organizations  exist,  to 
coordinate  the  work  and  to  seek  the  cooperation  of  all  the 
various  societies  of  women  in  the  country,  but  to  create 

as  the  call  and  need  comes because  our  need  may  develop 

many  new  lines  of  work  in  which  women  have  not  in  our 

peaceful  land  been  accustomed  to  serve to  create  these 

new  lines  of  service  and  decide  how  they  shall  be  managed 
as  soon  as  they  are  created. 

Now  that  is  as  far  as  we  have  gone  in  these  two  days 
or  rather  a  day  and  a  half  of  discussing  our  plans  of  work, 
but  my  object  and  the  object  of  the  director  of  this 
Council  in  bringing  me  before  you  is  this?   To  ask  the 
cooperation  of  the  Governors  of  the  various  States  in  the 
work  which  we  are  to  undertake;  to  ask  them  to  help;  to 
back  up  our  work,  and  to  encourage  us  by  their  moral  and 
any  other  line  of  support  which  they  can  give  to  the  women 
in  their  own  states. 

It  has  been  decided  to  subdivide  our  work  into  state 

divisions  and  allow  each  state  to  do  its  own  directing 

to  direct  its  work  in  its  own  way,  but  we  to  be  the  head 

of  the  organizations, whatever  they  may  be in  the 

general  direction  of  the  work.   For  instance,  you  have  just 
been  listening  to  the  gentleman  who  has  come  to  you  from  the 
Red  Cross  Association,  which  has  been  established  for  years 
and  has  its  work  well  mapped  out  and  knows  just  what  it 
wants  to  do.   Now  there  are  a  great  many  womens*  organiza- 
tions starting  up  all  over  the  country  to  do  this  part  of 


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the  work  which  they  can  do  so  much  better  than  little  sec- 
tions of  women  hi.  ^r  and.  yon;  and  the  principal  part  of 
our  work  will  be  in  the  coordination  of  all  the  work  arid 
bringing  under  direct  heads  the  work  which  they  are  doing., 
and  have  them  continue  with  the  existing  societies* 

I  think,  Mr,  Director,  that  this  is  all  I  can  state 
to  the  meeting  this  afternoon*  We  are  only  seeking  as  far 
as  possible  their  official  cooperation  with  the  committee 
which  has  been  appointed  by  this  Council  of  National  De- 
fenses 

I  thank  you  very  much  (Applause)* 

THE  PRESIDING  OFFICER  MR,  GIFFORD:   The  program  is 
getting  toward  the  end.  Gentlemen,  will  you  kindly  send 
to  Mr*  James  J*  Storrow,  Room  238,  New  Willard  Hotel,  any 
questions  you  would  like  to  have  asked  of  us  covering 
matters  in  which  your  States  are  interested, 

I  would  like  to  ask  General  Harries,  who  is  chairman 
of  the  committee  on  electric  railroads,  which  Mr*  Willard 
spoke  of  in  connection  with  the  steam  railroads  this  morn- 
ing, to  say  just  a  few  words  to  us,  if  he  will,  in  regard 
to  that  subject. 

STATEMENT  OF  GEN*  GEORGE  H.  HARRIES. 

Mr,  Chairman  and  gentlemen,  just  a  little  something 
that  might  be  added  to  the  information  which  Mr,  Willard 
gave  this  morning* 

O^e  of  the  first  things  that  came  to  the  surface  in 
connection  with  the  War  Department's  study  of  national  de- 
fense was  necessarily  coast  defense. 

The  present  defenses  we  have  on  the  coast  are  really 
harbor  defences i  They  are  just  intended  to  prevent  large 
cities  from  being  shot  up  at  short  range*   To  defend  the 

2  So 


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entire  coast  by  a  series  of  fixed  forts  would  be  practi- 
cally impossible  en  account  of  the  cost.   So  the  problem 
was  to  do  what  might  be  done  to  link  up  these  harbor  de- 
fenses, to  the  end  that  there  be  a  somewhat  efficient 
coast  defense.   No  one  knew  exactly  what  to  expect,  and 

the  Department  wanted  to  be  ready the  War  College  did 

for  any  eventualities.   So  because  there  were  only  two 
coast  defense  posts  on  the  Atlantic  which  were  served 
directly  by  steam  roads,  while  the  inland  post  was  served 
by  an  electric  line,  it  was  deemed  advisable  to  see  what 
could  be  done  in  Vie  linking  up. 

The  matter  was  taken  up  with  the  American  Electric 
Railway  Association,  and  the  result  was  the  organization 
of  the  committee  of  which  I  was  made  chairman.   Fifty-five 
thousand  miles  of  electric  railway  have  been  placed  en- 
tirely in  my  hands.   That  of  course  includes  the  electric 

mileage  of  the  country.  We  are  now  mapping we  found  no 

maps  incidentally- —  we  are  now  niexp.uip;  the  entire  coast 
line.   The  committee  has  been  divided  into  subdivisions, 
each  vice  chairman  having  charge  cf  a  military  department, 
a  geographical  military  department,  so  that  there  are 
three  factors human  factors in  each  military  depart- 
ment. One  is  the  commanding  general  of  that  department; 
number  two  is  a  committee  chairman  of  the  American  Railway 

Association standard  steam  roads and  the  other  is 

the  vice  chairman  of  the  electric  organization.  Any  move- 
ments desired  within  each  department  by  the  commanding 
general  are  attended  to  by  these  two  railroad  men,  one 
steam  and  one  electric.   They  have  absolute  power  within 
their  depart  rents,  and  report  only  to  the.  chairman. 

On  the  mop  work  we  now  have  some  2,000  engineers  and 
draftsmen  employed.   That  map  will  be  completed  from  the 

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Canadian  boundary  line  all  the  way  around  our  borders  and 
clear  to  the  Canadian  line  on  the  Pacific  side.   The  data, 
which  is  extensive,  are  also  practically  complete.  We 
know  now  the  grades,  curvature,  overhead  and  side  clear- 
ances, the  safe  loading  of  bridges,  what  is  necessary  to 
make  these  roads  effective;  and  as  a  matter  of  fact  we 
have  taken  the  M.  C.  B.  stock,  standard  steam  road  stock> 
off  the  steam  roads  at  junction  points  established  by  the 
companies  and  by  electric  motive  power,  just  taking  one 
interurban  car,  we  have  pushed  three  cars three  car- 
loads—- right  through  to  the  Sally  ports  of  the  posts 
themselves  at  distances  ranging  from  five  to  seventeen 
miles  from  the  nearest  steam  road,  without  breaking  bulk. 
Now  that  isthe  operating, 

I  heard  someone  say  last  night,  "I  want  to  know  what 
the  electric  roads  are  doing".  Well,  they  have  been  doing 

this and  it  is  pretty  near  fulfillment we  are  all 

working  in  harmony,  the  steam  roads  and  the  electric  roads, 
as  to  every  detail.  We  have  worked  out  with  the  Quarter- 
master^ department the  first  time  it  has  ever  been 

done the  tariffs,  freight  tariffs  and  tariffs  for  the 

movement  of  men.  We  have  all  the  arrangements  made  by 
which  sufficient  transportation  can  be  mobilised.   If  the 
company  operating  that  particular  region  on  that  line 
cannot  provide  cars  enough,  we  have  all  the  arrangements 
with  neighboring  companies,  and  we  have  absolute  power 
to  move  that  rolling  stock  just  exactly  as  we  want  to  and 
when  we  want  to, 

Interchangeability  of  power  systems  has  all  been 
worked  out,  so  that  where  a  line,  a  small  line  comparative- 
ly, Turaii-'.-ig  en  half-hour  or  one  hour  or  two-hour  headway, 
is  suddenly  called  upon  for  a  strong  movement,  we  can 'tap 

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one  of  the  other  :..nes  and  give  them  all  the  power  we 
want  from  lines  carrying  power  which  may  be  initiated  some 
50  miles  away,  belonging  to  another  company.   All  of  those 
details  are  worked  out,  and  increasing  forces  are  being 
steadily  put  to  work.   Now  this  has  all  been  extended  to 
the  interior  connections  with  the  great  mobilization 
camps.  All  of  those  things  are  being  straightened  out  so 
that  there  may  be  speedy  and  unbroken,  so  far  as  practi- 
cable, transit  from  the  initiating  point  to  the  point  of 
delivery.   It  is  not  a  small  job,  but  it  has  been  done, 
and  I  might  say,  without  fee  or  hope  of  reward.  The  com- 
panies have  given  us  of  their  technical  forces,  their  operat- 
ing forces,  every  man  we  wanted,  and  have  paid  all  the 

costs drafting  costs.  After  loaning  the  engineers  and 

all  the  necessary  implements,  they  are  being  paid  by  the 
member  companies  of  the  American  Electric  Railway  Associa- 
tion. 

The  tariffs  have  been  worked  out  v^ith  the  Quarter- 
master's department,  and  they  are  standard.   All  the  com- 
pany has  to  do  is  to  accept  the  tariff  which  we  have  thrust 
upon  them,  without  any  authority  in  the  world,  and  they 
accept  it.  They  say,  "All  right,}  there  is  no  difficulty 
about  that;  we  don't  care.  Ws  will  put  the  stuff  through. 
We  think  that  is  probably  a  fair  rate.  We  would  like  to 
have  had  something  better,"  and  at  times  it  would  have  been 
reasonable  to  give  them  better,  but  because  they  have  fixed 

fares  and  there  are  all  sorts  of  difficulties no  chance, 

you  know,  of  a  15  per  cent  increase no  chance  at  all  of 

an  electric  line  getting  an  increase  in  its  fares.  That 
is  fixed.   That  is  immovable.   I  don1 t  know  why,  but  it 
seems  to  be  so,  ar»d  everybody  is  working  with  fine  spirit, 

Now  as  to  the  employees,  there  has  been  a  very  care- 

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ful  survey  made  Ox  the  people.  A  number  of  those  men, 
picked  men,  will  go  abroad  with  any  engineering  expedi- 
tions that  may  go  for  the  construction  of  principally  what 
they  call  the  nlightM  railways  over  there.  They  are  using 
the  light  railways  for  bringing  up  ammunition  to  the 
front j  and  taking  wounded  back.  We  worked  out  with  the 
Surgeon  General^  office  plans  for  the  conversion  into  hos- 
pital cars  of  a  very  large  amount  of  surplus  rolling  stock 
which  has  gone  out  of  fashion.  You  know  fashions  in  street 
cars  change  about  as  frequently  as  do- —  well,  hats,  for 
instance,  ladies'  hats,-—  and  a  good  deal  of  pretty  good 
rolling  stock  goes  out  of  fashion.  Now  that  is  all  being 
taken  care  of.  The  plans  are  all  complete  now  for  the 
cutting  of  side  doors  and  the  taking  out  of  interiors  and 
the  placing  therein  of  the  necessary  fittings  so  that 
litters  may  be  placed  in  the  interior  for  the  handling  of 
patients;  and  a  very  considerable  number  of  engineers  and 
operating  men  will  go  both  to  France  and  to  Russia,  That 
has  been  worked  out,  and  the  substitutes,  those  who  will 
take  their  places,  have  all  been  arranged  for.  We  have 
even  troubled  quite  a  number  of  folks  by  suggesting  that 
ladies  can  do  a  good  deal  of  work  which  men  have  been  doing 
in  times  past,  and  they  have  accepted  all  that.  Quite  a 
number  of  companies  are  already  planning  what  they  will  do 
when  the  men  whom  they  know  they  are  going  to  give  leave, 
and  they  are  planning  to  fill  those  places  with  women.  The 
details  are  many. 

That  is  just  a  sketch  to  show  you  that  the  electric 
railway  industry  is  organized,  Mr,  Willard  was  anxious 
that  I  should  bring  this  up.  He  spoke  to  me  about  it  at 
noon   I  did  not  expect  to  say  anything  about  it,  but  the 
electric  railway  industry  has  been  doing  its  share  and  doing 


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it  very  well,  and  the  Department  feels  very  much  grati- 
fied, and  I  am  sure  all  of  us  good  citizens  are  very  well 
satisfied  to  know  that  even  though  those  case-hardened 
criminals  who  insist  upon  receiving  fares  for  service 
rendered  are  willing'  to  do  their  share  (Laughter  and  ap- 
plause) . 


a&f- 


THE  PRESIDING  OFFICER  MR.  GIFFORD;   Our  program  ie  new 
finished,  except  that  I  wish,  Mr.  Porter,  who  is  to  assist 
me  in  the  State  Cooperation  work  for  the  Council  to  tell 
you  a  little  bit  -  -  -  very  briefly  -  -  -  how  we  intend  to 
handle  that,  as  you  will  know  about  it.   I  trill  call  on  Mr. 
Porter  now. 

STATEMENT  OF  MR,  PORTER 

MB.  PORTER:   Facing  the  immediate  problems  of  organi- 
zation and  of  needed  information  which  this  Conference  has 
now  before  it,  our  vision  of  the  great  achievement  of  the 
last  few  weeks  ie  perhaps  obscured;  but  as  we  look  back 
on  the  development   *  less  than  three  weeks,  it  seems  an 
immense  achievement  in  that  this  National  Defense  Council 
has  come  together,  and  that  there exo  meeting  here  in  Wash- 
ington representatives  from  the  48  States  of  the  Union. 

Think,  gentlemen,  what  this  means,  that  here  in  Wash- 
ington on  12  days'  notice,  from  all  over  the  Union  there 
have  come  together  active,  forceful,  public-spirited  men, 
representative  of  their  communities.   They  have  come  to- 
gether, some  of  them  the  Governors  of  their  States,  to 
represent  their  States  here. 

When  the  Council  of  National  Defense  determined  upon 
this  conference  and  the  telegram  of  Secretary  of  War  Baker 
calling  it  was  sent,  the  time  seemed  very  short  for  such 
an  undertaking.   Many  states  were  not  organized.   As  far 
as  the  incomplete  records  we  were  able  to  collect  showed, 
only  30  states  had  c -ganized  Councils  of  Defense.   It  was 
uncertain  how  many  men  could  come  in  the  short  time  al- 
lotted.  It  was  uncertain  if  time  would  permit  their  ap- 
pointment and  their  arrival  from  the  far  west.   But  these 
doubts  were  soon  dissipated.   The  first  telegram  received 
was  from  Nevada,  and  from  the  Governor  of  Nevada  saying 
that  he  was  comrng  himsalf.   The  next  was  from  Oregor, 


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Then  we  heard  from  California,    that    it   was  to  be   repre- 
sented by  the  president    if    its   great    university;    and 
quickly  afterwards  from  Minnesota,    from  Maine,   from 
Georgia,    from  Florida,    from  all  parts  of  the   Union. 
And  here   today   is  this  conference,    this  meeting  of 
the   minds  of  the   representatives  of   all  the   States, 
establishing  the  personal   touch  between  the   States 
themselves  and  between  all  the    States  and  the   Council. 
It    gives  assurance   that   all  the   States  which  have   not 
organized  will   speedily  organize   State   Councils  of   De- 
fense. 

As  we   look  back,   gentlemen,    on  the   development   of 
these   three  weeks,    it    is  phenomenal,    and  our  highest 
hopes  are   realized. 

As  to  the    imme"    vte  work  of   this   section,   we   feel 
it   must   be   a  matter  of   growth,    and  that   for  our   guidance 

and  for  our  success  we  must   call     as  we  are  sailing  

on  the   State   Councils  for     advice   and  for  help.      Only  as  you 
will  allow  us,    can  we   serve   you;      only  as  you  will   furnish 
us  with    information  of   what   you  are  doing  and  with   sug- 
gestions,   and  will  take   from  us   suggest  ions   for   your  work 
as  we   see   the   necessity  for    it   here,    can  we  hope  to    suc- 
ceed.     This  department   must      be   first   a  great    clearing 
house,    a  great    clearing  house   of    information  between  the 
National   Council  and  the   State      Councils,   through  which 

information  of   what    the   Council    is  planning,    of   what 
its   needs   are,    and   of  how  the   States  can  avail  them- 
selves  of   and  cooperate  with   it,    can  quickly  be    sent 
to  the   Scales,        This  Department   must  be  a  means  cf 
'crraaiunicatioxi  betwc  ...  the   federal  departments  and  the 
Stafc(»&   by  which  can  quickly   spread  the    information   of 

257 


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vf  theH:  activities  and  their  needs.   And  equally  important 
it  must  bo  a  means  of  coiaatxnioaticn  by  -which  the  States  can 
ir.press  ths  Council  and  the  Federal  Government  with  the 
States'  conditions  and  needs;  with  what  they  are  doing,  with 
what  their  people  are  demanding;  with  valuable  ideas  ana 
sound  suggestions. 

It  must  be  the  channel  of  communication,  also,  not 
only  between  the  Federal  departments  and  the  States,  but 
between  the  States  themselves.   You  mast  furnish  us  with 
information  as  to  '.  .e  activities  of  each  of  your  states. 
We  must  soo  that  this  information  is  distributed  to  the 
other  States.   Where  valuable  work  is  being  done  in  a  state, 
information  of  it  must  speedily  be  sent  broadcast,  with 
practical  plans  end  suggestions,  to  the  ether  States. 
Where  one  State  is  making  mistakes  and  learns  by  experience, 
this  experience  must  immediately  be  sent  to  the  others  that 
they  may  avoid  these  mistakes  and  loss  of  time. 

Much  work  in  the  States,  to  be  of  the  greatest  nation- 
al value  must  bo  uniform.   It  will  be  the  work  of  this 

department  to  communicate  with  all  the  States  and  to  see 
that  this  uniformity  is  secured.   And  in  this  same  way  dup- 
lication must  be  avoided.   There  were  handed  to  you  this 
morning  recommendations  for  the  states  which  have  net  or- 
ganized, which  have  not  organised  in  detail,  suggesting 
how  they  should  or  .nize.   Wo  realize  of  course  that  dif- 
ferent conditions  in  different  states  make  different  or- 
ganization not  only  necessary  but  desirable;  but  in  prepa- 
ring this  plan  we  have  had  the  advice  cf  and  have  very 

oarefully  considered  what  the  states  which  have  organized 
have  done,  and  have  endeavored  to  prepare  a  plan  big  enough 
to  1st  all  come  in;  to  let  the  different  conditions  in  the 

'ferent  states  fit  in  to  it  broad  enough  for  that, 

and  at  the  same  time  firm  enough  so  that  there  may  be  some- 
thing sinrlar  in  each  state  to  work  with, 

•7  *  /r 


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To  properly  develop  this  work,  gentlemen,  will  take 

time;  but  there  is  orio  tiling  that  are  can  immediately  dOj 
and  that  we  intend  to  do,  and  that  is  to  see  that  your  re- 
quests and  your  letters  and  your  recommendations  are  prompt- 
ly attended  to  and  aire  promptly  answered  to  the  best  of  our 
•ability.   When  Mr.  Storrow  spoke  yesterday  ha  put  into  words 
exactly  what  we  had  been  thinking  of,  the  immediate  useful- 
ness of  this  department,  and  of  the  way  to  gain  your  confi- 
dence and  your  cooperation.   V/e  oust  establish  here  a  staff 
to  procgptly  answer  and  to  take  caro  of  your  requests.   If 
it  is  impossible  to  get  the  information  from  the  Federal 
authorities  where  their  plans  ars  not  fully  enough  developed, 
we  will  say  so.   7,'e  will  not  stall  you  off.   You  will  not 
get  letters  saying  that   "your  letter  has  boon  referred  to 
the  proper  department  for  appropriate  action"   (when  you 
read  such  a  letter  you  know  between  the  lines  that  you  won't 
hear  from  it  again)  But  you  will  not  get  such  letters. 
You  will  get  definite  recommendations  and  vlefinite  facts 
when  we  are  able  to  give  them  to  you,  and  when  we  are  not, 
you  'will  get  the  truth,  and  you  can  be  sure  that  we  will 
endeavor  to  follow  up  your  requests  and  keep  after  them 
until  we  do  get  the  information  to  send  you.   (Applaoise) 
We  must  ask  your  patience  if  we  cannot  get  you  the  definite 
information  immediately,  but  where  the  Federal  departments 
are  held  back  by  the  action  of  Congress,  we  will  also  have 
to  hold  back. 

Ta.ke  the  situation  in  the  "Jar  Department  at  the  present 
moment.   Their  activities  are  very  largely  dependent  on  the 
form  of  the  military  bill.   Take  the  ./hole  question  of  regis- 
tration.  That  is  vitally  dependent  on  the  age  limit  set  loy 
L.V'.ration  in  'che  military  bill,  which  the  Senate  Bill 
Ude  31  to  37,  and  the  House  31  to  4Cj  and  on  whioL  the 

Z3f 


conference  committee  has  not  yet  reported..   That  is  a  typi- 
cal and  very  striking  example.   When  this  Conference  was 
called,  it  was  confidentially  expected  that  ths  bill  would 
be  passed  and  the  situation  cleared  up  by  now,  but  this  has 
not  been  done,  and  this  is  the  reason  they  cannot  furnish  you 
with  their  actual  program. 

The  same  is  largely  true  of  the  department  of  Agricul- 
ture which  is  waiting  for  the  action  of  Congress  on  their 
very  important  bill,  as  explained  yesterday. 

But  we  can  be  useful  and  we  intend  to  be  useful  immed- 
iately. 

We  are  going  to  run  this  department  in  a  business-like 
way;  vie  are  not  g:. ...3  to  have  any  letters  or  any  papers  ly- 
ing around  on  our  desks;  and  every  day  there  will  be  an  in- 
spection of  the  drawers  of  the  desks  of  members  of  tile 
staff,  to  s^e  that  there  aren't  any  letters  forgotten  and 
hidden  away  or  filed  away  there,  and  we  are  promised  a  big. 
enough  staff  to  do  this  and  do  it  in  this  way  if  it  takes 
the  whole  Ihzns&y   Building  to  accommodate  us. 

This  is  a  bare  outline,  gentlemen,  of  where  this  de- 
partment can  be  immediately  useful.   It  must  be  a  great 
clearing  house;  to  coordinate  the  efforts  of  the  states; 
to  put  them  in  touch  with  each  other;  to  avoid  confusion 
and  duplication.   With  your  patience,  with  your  help  and 
with  your  cooperation  it  can  succeed;  without  it,  it  can  do 
nothing.   But  from  the  response  o.  yo-  r  coming  hero,  and  fro:.. 
the  atmosphere  of  help  that  ycu  bring  with  you,  we  are  con- 
fident that  yo--.  will  help,  and  t..ia;  ,ve  ./ill  succeed. 
(Applause) 


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The  first  step,  gentlemen,  is  to  get  the  infornation 
on  the  forms  which  I  asked  to  be  distributed  this  corning, 
as  to  the  formation  "f  your  cov.no ils,  and  primarily  as  to 
with  whom  wo  should  correspond  dirsctfy.   Wo  don't  want  to 
be  writing  to  the  "Honorable  Chairman"  and  have  it  referred 
to  the  secretary,  and  have  two  or  three  days'  delay.   Some 
of  the  States  have  already  sent  in  this  information,  and 
these  blanks  will  bv  again  distributed  and  we  hope  very  much 
to  have  this  infornation  fro;".:  every  State  before  the  con- 
ference breaks  up. 

COL.  WEBB  OF  RHODE  ISLAND:  May  I  offer  one  resolu- 
tion? I  would  like  to  have  it  made  a  part  of  the  record 
.Without  any  oratory: 

"Wo  the  representatives  of  the  various  states  of  the 
Union  assembled  here  in  conference,  by  invitation  of  the 
Council  of  National  Defense,  desire  to  express  our  appre- 
ciation of  the  opportunity  the  Council  has  given  us  tc 
become  more  familiar  with  the  herculean  tasks  they  are  per- 
forming, and  the  magnitude  of  the  patriotic  work  they  are 
accomplishing. 

"We  desire  also  tc  express  cur  entire  confidence  in 
their  ability  to  carry  to  a  successful  fruition  their  or- 
ganized endeavors  to  assist  the  Government  of  the  United 
States  in  the  present  emergency,  and  to  pledge  each  our 
several  states  to  the  fullest  cooperation  in  any  direction 
which  may  suggest  itself  to  the  Council  of  National  Defense 
wherein  we  as  units  may  be  now.  or  may  hereafter,  become 
helpful  in  this  their  great  national  undertaking." 

I  move  the  passage  of  this  resolution. 


3*/ 


f.'9l 


■:0    UtL-Vti      .cL 


oar* 


■e.:-.p.r::ju   v. 


GOVERNOR  HARDING  OP  IOWA:     I  second  the  motion.   I 
would  like  to  have  the  record  show  that  I  second  the  reso- 
lution. 

(The  question  was  put  "by  the  presiding  officer  and 
the  motion  was  carried)* 

THE  PRESIDING  OFFICER,  MR.  GIFFORD:    Some  gentleman 
at  the  close  of  the  meeting  yesterday  asked  me  to  please 
have  written  a  summary  of  the  things  the  states  could  do 
which  I  attempted  in  a  very  hurried  way  to  summarize.    I 
have  had  summarted  and  mimeographed  what  I  thought  we 
gathered  out  of  the  addresses  and  talks  of  yesterday.   Of 
course  I  have  not  had  today's  done  yet.   These  will  be 
distributed.    Th-;r  will  help  in  letting  you  carry  "back 
immediately  some  specific  things  in  which  the  states  can 
help. 

A  VOICE:   Are  you  going  to  make  a  summary  of  today's 
also? 

THE  PRESIDING  OFFICER,  MR.  GIFFORD:     If  possible  I 
will  do  so. 

We  are  to  be  in  the  War  Department  in  the  large  room 
that  we  were  in  yesterday  morning,  at  5  o'clock.    The 
Council  of  National  Defense  and  the  Advisory  Commission 
will  "be  there,  and  would  like  very  much  to  have  you  gentle- 
mem  meet  with  them  again  before  you  leave. 

MR.  GEORGE  WHARTON  PEPPER  OF  PENNSYLVANIA:    Mr.  Chair- 
man, may  I  have  che  floor  for  a  moment?   There  is  a  matter 
which  I  don't  wish  to  obtrude  upon  the  consideration  of 
this  meeting,  if  at  this  late  stage  it  seems  unwise  to  eon- 


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sider  it,  but  I  do  wish  to  bring  the  matter  to  your  atten- 
tion, because  I  believe  you  will  find  that  the  suggestion 
I  am  going  to  make  a  useful  suggestion  with  reference  to 
the  offers  of  voluntary  service  which  are  made  in  every 
jurisdiction. 

We  have  found,  and  those  committees  that  are  already 
organized  as  Pennsylvanians  have  also  found,  that  there  is 
a  great  influx  of  offers  of  voluntary  service  of  all  sorts 
which  ought  to  be  dealt  with  in  some  way  as  to  conserve 
as  a  great  national  asset  the  enthusiasm  that  prompts  these 
offers;  offers,  however,  whicrh  it  is  not  always  possible 
to  satisfy  at  on:-  by  the  designation  of  any  specific  task. 
The  difficulty  in  the  way  of  finding  the  niche  for  each 
volunteer  being  patent  to  all. 

Now  in  England  it  has  been  ascertained  by  experience 
that  if  these  offers  of  service  can  be  recorded  in  a  formal 
and  official  way;  if  the  man  who  makes  the  offer  or  the 
woman  who  makes  the  offer,  is  in  earnest  sufficiently  to 
make  a  pledge  of  service  upon  certain  conditions  that  are 
prescribed  and  thought  wise,  that  there  can  be  accumulated 
areserve  of  voluntary  offers  of  services  upon  which  in 
time  of  necessity  the  government  may  draw,  and  which  thus 
drawn  upon  gives  to  the  volunteer  who  has  offered  to  do  his 
bit,  and  who  for  one  reason  or  another  is  not  available  for 
military  or  naval  service,  will  give  to  him  the  status  not 
of  a  slacker  but   of  a  man  who  has  put  himself  on  record 
as  ready  to  respond  when  the  country  calls  for  him.    Now, 
the  matter  of  dealing  with  these  offers  of  service  was 
taken  up  by  a  body  called  The  National  Committee  of  Patriot- 
ic and  Defense  Societies,  of  which  General  Young,  Lieutenant 


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General  Young,  is  the  honorary  chairman.    That  body  pro- 
posed the  formation  of  a  national  service  reserve,  to  be 
formulated  and  carried  to  a  conclusion  under  the  auspices 
of  a  committee,  membership  in- which  should  be  representa- 
tive of  all  the  states,  or  state  committees  of  public 
safety,  one  man  to  be  appointed  by  each  committee  of  public 
safety,  or  the  Governor  of  each  state,  and  an  advisory 
committee  of  nine  to  be  chosen  by  the  Council  of  National 
Defense;  the  Committee  of  Patriotic  andDefense  Societies 
having  served  merely  to  bring  the  matter  forward,  to  get 
it  started,  and  then  to  withdraw  into  the  background  to 
leave  the  machinery  provided  for  in  the  plan  to  run  itself.' 

The  plan  has  been  brought  to  the  attention  of  the 
Secretary  of  War,  who  is  most  concerned  with  the  plan.   The 
Secretary  of  War,  after  careful  consideration,  referred  the 
matter  to  General  Bliss,  who  reported  upon  it  favorably, 
and  the  Secretary  has  given  his  official  approval. 

It  is  next  proposed  that  the  matter  shall  receive  the 
consideration  of  the  Council  of  National  Defense,  because 
other  departments  than  the  War  Department  are  also  concerned. 

My  reason  for  takip.g  your  time  to  present  the  matter 
here  is  simply  this:   That  if  when  I  read  these  resolutions 
they  commend  themselves  to  you  as  resolutions  that  may 
appropriately  express  your  sense  of  the  necessity  of  this 
thing  and  the  reasonableness  of  it,  then  the  adoption  of 
such  commendatory  resolutions  by  this  body  will  bring  the 
matter  before  the  Council  of  National  Defense  with  a  recom- 
mer.dat.ion  which  will  be  supplementary  to  the  approval  of  the 
Secretary  of  War  for  his  Department,  and  which  will  of 

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course  give  a  weight  to  the  recommendation  very  much  great- 
er than  anything  that  can  come  from  any  other  unofficial 
body. 

Now  the  plan  briefly,  as  I  have  said,  is  that  there 
shall  be  a  national  committee  composed  of  one  representa- 
tive of  each  state,  to  be  appointed  by  the  Governor  or  by 
his  council;  that  there  shall  be  an  advisory  committee  of 
nine  appointed  by  the  Council  of  National  Defense,  and  it 
is  proposed  to  fcucmit  15  names  to  them  by  way  of  suggestion, 
and  for  them  to  choose  nine.    General  Goethals  has  con- 
sented to  allow  his  name  to  be  suggested  for  the  considera- 
tion of  the  commission.   Ex-Secretary  Stimson  and  other 
well-known  men,  including  Judge  Taft,  have  given  a  similar 
expressign  of  their  willingness.   The  advisory  committee 
will  be  appointed  by  the  Council  of  National  Defense  and 
a  small  headquarters  committee  will  be  selected  by  the  ad- 
visory  committee  for  the  purpose  of  actually  attending  to 
the  machinery. 

The  reason  for  pressing  it  upon  you  now  is  not  only 
what  I  have  just  said  respecting  the  importance  of  getting 
the  endorsement  of  the  Council  of  Defense,  in  addition  to 
that  of  the  Secretary  of  War,  but  because  those  of  us  who 
are  interested  in  this  matter  believe  we  can  best  realize 
the  desire  of  Secretary  Baker  respecting  national  registra- 
tion day  if  we  are  able  to  launch  a  great  community  move- 
ment for  the  enrollment  of  persons  of  all  sorts  for  whatever 
type  of  service  they  are  best  qualified  to  render  in  addi- 
liicn  ":''Q  the  taking  of  the  registration  of  those  who  are 
M9bl<=?  to  the  selective  draft.    We  are  very  anxious  if 
whJe  -h ing  .-is  to    a  community  movement  to  make  it  really  a 


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community  movement  and  not  merely  the  escorting  by  patri- 
otic citizens  to  the   registration  booths  of  other  people 
who  are  going  to  offer,  or  who  are  drafted  to  render  their 
services  to  the  Government. 

The  idea  is  that  then  is  a  testing  time  for  all  per- 
sons to  announce  themselves  willing  and  ready  to  render 
such  service  as  they  may  be  fit  for.    The  pledge  which 

I  will  take  the  trouble — - 

A  VOICE: ( Interposing) :   Isn't  that  in  this  report 
that  you  have  got  here? 

MR.  PEPPER:    It  is,  sir,  and  I  am  going  to  ask  you, 
gentlemen,  to  give  consideration  to   it. 

A  VOICE:   I  want  to  call  your  attention,  Mr.  Pepper, 
to  the  fact  that  if  we  are  going  down  to  the  War  Depart- 
ment we  will  have  to  start  pretty  soon,  and  if  we  can  get 
those  printed  reports — - 

MR.  PEPPER  (Interposing):   I  think  we  c?n  cause  them 
to  be  distributed,  and  I  am  not  going  to  detain  you  a  moment 
more  than  to  make  things  clear. 

I  want  to  propose  the  consideration  of  these  resolu- 
tions, which,  if  adopted,  may  appropriately  present  this 
matter  for  the  consideration  of  the  Council  of  National 
Defense; 

"Eirst.   That  it  is  our  judgment  that  the  great  body 
of  American  men  and  women  who  are  eager  to  serve  our  coun- 
try in  its  emergency  but  are  not  immediately  needed  for 
the  Army,  should  be  given  a  recognized  channel  through 
which  they  may  pledge  their  services  and  be  called  to  na- 

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That  we  approve  of  the  formation  of  a  National  Service 
Reserve  along  the  lines  which  have  been  outlined  to  us  and 
approved  by  the  Secretary  of  War; 

That  we  respectfully  recommend  the  adoption  of  such  a 
plan  by  the  Council  of  National  Defense,  and  that  as  rep- 
resentatives of  our  states,  we  hereby  pledge  our  hearty  co- 
operation in  carrying  through  the  organization  of  the  Na- 
tional Service  Reserve  upon  its  approval  by  the  Council  of 
National  Defense; 

That  we  respectfully  suggest  to  the  Council  of  National 
Defense  thet  if  it   is  possible  to  act  upon  the  plan  of  the 
National  Service  Reserve  in  time,  it  would  be  beneficial  to 
make  the  day  when  mion  are  called  upon  to  register  for  mil- 
itary service  a  natio&l  service  day,  upon  which  throughout 
the  nation  men  and  women  not  required  to  register  may  join 
with  those  whom  the  Government  calls,  in  recording  through 
the  National  Service  Reserve  their  pledges  of  readiness  to 
serve  the  nation; 

That  in  order  to  enable  the  National  Service  Reserve, 
if  organized,  to  make  ready  to  carry  out  its  part  in  such 
national  service  day,  we  hereby,  as  representatives  of  the 
states,  recognize  tx*e  authority  of  the  Advisory  Board  of 
the  National  Service  Reserve,  when  appointed  by  the  Council 
of  National  Defense,  to  act  as  an  executive  committee  and 
to  put  its  plan  into  effect  without  first  calling  a  meeting 
of  the  national  committee,  and  to  organize  a  national  head- 
quarters1 committee  of  such  reserves. 

Finally,  We  request  the  organization  committee  w'nft^h 
bar;  presented  the  plan,  to  proceed  at  once  to  perfect  detail 


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and  send  preliminary  suggestions  as  to  the  organization  and 
procedure  to  the  state  committees  so  that  action  maybe 
taken  as  soon  as  possible  by  the  Advisory  Board  of  the 
National  Service  Reserve  at  its  appointment." 

In  short,  gentlemen,  if  I  have  made  myself  clear,  we 
have  here  a  plan  for  capitalizing  the  volunteer  pledges  of 
service  in  such  a  way  as  not  to  interfere  in  the  least  degree 
with  enlistments  for  the  National  Guard  or  the  regular  Army 
or  for  the  Navy,  or  with  the  registration  for  selective 
draft.   We  have  gotten  the  approval  of  the  oimly  Depart- 
ment to  which  the  matter  has  been  submitted,  namely,  the 
War  Department ;  we  desire  to  present  the  matter  to  the 
Council  of  National  Defense,  and  we  ask  you  to  recommend 
that  that  submission  be  made  and  to  indicate  your  willing- 
ness to  carry  out  the  recommendation  in  case  the  Council 
of  National  Defense  proposes.*:  it. 

I  move  the  adoption  of  those  resolutions,  and  very 
earnestly  hope  that  they  may  receive  your  approval. 

A  VOICE;   What  service  is  this  enlisted  reserve  for? 

MR.  PEPPER:    The  pledge  is  this: 

"To  the  President  of  the  United  States:     I  hereby 
pledge  my  services  for  the  duration  of  the  war  in  any 
military  capacity,  or  for  civil  or  industrial  service  de- 
sired by  the  Government  in  connection  with  the  war,  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  regulations  and  statement  of  obligations 
written  below. 

"I  authorize  the  National  Service  Reserve  to  enroll 
me  as  a  member  and  to  present  this  tender  of  my  services 
to  the  Government  at  any  time  during  the  war. 

'M  pledge  myself  to  respond  promptly  to  any  call  here- 


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In  other  words,  gentlemen  --  and  I  recognize  that  I 
am  making  a  plea  for  ection  under  very  great  d.iff iculties, 
but  my  sense  of  the  importance  of  the  matter  lead3  me  to 
claim  your  attention--- 

A  VOICE  (Interposing);   Mr,  Chairman,  it  strikes  me 
that  this  is  not  a  fitting  time  to  have  a  resolution  of 
this  kind  presented.    We  have  been  in  session  two  days* 
We  have  had  a  long  set  of  resolutions  sprung  upon  us  here 
of  which  we  can  1"  .  :w  nothing;  we  could  r.&t  examine  into  it, 

except  for  the  statements  that  have  been  made  by  the  in- 
troducer.   If  it  was  ne-cessary  to  have  these  resolutions 

introduced,  they  should  have  been  submitted  to  this  assem- 
bly long  ago.   If  the  Secretary  of  War  or  those  in  charge 
wanted  resolutions  of  this  kinds  we  should  have  had  notice 

of  that  fact.    I  say  that  it  is  not  right;  that  it  is  not 
a  correct  principle  to  bring  these  resolutions  here  at 
this  time;  that  we  should  not  pass  these  resolutions  with- 
out an  opportunity  of  investigating,  because  I  for  one  do 
not  propose  to  take  the  word  of  anybody  on  these  things  at 
this  time  unless  the  Chairman  assures  us  that  these  reso- 
lutions are  prepared  at  the  request  of  the  committee  itself 
or  of  the  Secretary  of  War. 

THE  PRESIDIT,;  OFFICER,  MR.  GIEEORD:     The  resolutions 
are  not  prepared  at  the  request  of  the  Council  of  National 
Defense. 

THE  VOICE:    Then  I  move  that  they  lay  upon  the  table, 
MR.  PEPPER:    Mr.  Chairman,  I  don't  know  whether  you 

propose  to  conduct  this  business 

THE  VOICE:    I  moved  to  lay  upon  the  table,  and  that 

."is  not,  a  debateable  motion. 

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MR.  PEPPER:    I  know  you  have,  but,  Mr.  Chairman,  I 
was  on  the  floor  and  was  quite  rudely  interrupted  by  the 
gentleman  whom  I  don't  know,  who  did  not  have  the  right  to 
the  floor  and  had  no  standing  to  make  a  motion  until  I 
yielded  to  him. 

COL.  WEBB  OP  RHODE  ISLAND:    Mr,  Chairman,  may  I  of- 
fer a  resolution  which  I  think  will 

THE  PRESIDING  OFFICER,  MR.  GIPPORD  (Interposing):  Do 
you  yield?- 

MR.  PEPPER:    Yes,  I  yield. 

COL.  WEBB  OP  RHODE  ISLAND:    I  will  withdraw  the  mo- 
tion if  it  does  not  meet  w.i.th  your  approval.    I  mover  that 

the  resolutions  be  referred  to  the  Council  of  National  De- 
fense for  their  consideration, 

(The  motion  was  seconded). 

THE  PRESIDING  OFPJCER,  KR,  CJFFOJTD:     You  have  heard 
the  resolution.    It  has  been  seconded.    All  those  in 
favor  will  say  "Aye",  opposed  ''No", 

(The  motion  was  carried). 

(Whereupon,  at  4;50  o'clock  p.  m.  ,  the  conference  ad- 
journed). 


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FINAL  MEETING  OF  THE  CONFERENCE  AT  THE 
OFFICE  OF  THE  SECRETARY  OF  WAR 

Thursday  Afternoon 
May  3,  1917 

The  meeting  was  called  to  order  at  5.10  o'clock  P.  M. , 
by  Honorable  Newton  D.  Baker,  Secretary  of  War. 

THE  PRESIDING  OFFICER,  SECRETARY  BAKER: 

Gentlemen,  I  am  very  happy  on  behalf  of  myself  and 
my  associates,  both  of  the  Council  of  National  Defense  and 
of  the  Advisory  Commission,  to  have  this  opportunity  of  say- 
ing how  much  we  appreciate  your  presence  here  and  of  saying 
good  bye  before  you  start  back  to  your  respective  states. 

I  think  the  reception  given  by  the  country  has  been 
exceedingly  favorable,  both  of  the  idea  of  this  conference 
and  of  the  work  it  has  done,   I  know  from  having  talked 
with  the  President  about  it  how  much  stimulated  and  in- 
spired he  is  by  your  presence  and  by  the  fact  that  this 
does  give  an  ocular  demonstration  of  the  unity  of  the  states 
with  the  Federal  Government  in  this  great  undertaking. 

You  have  been  here  long  enough  now  to  have  discovered 
that  we  are  all  in  a  sense  beginners  at  the  task  of  national 
coordination.   A  good  many  members  of  the  Cabinet,  of  the 
Council,  and  of  the  Advisory  Commission  have  had  an  oppor- 
tunity to  speak  to  you,  and  I  suppose  probably  you  have  got- 
ten the  impression  from  most  of  us  that  we  are  all  seeking 
light  as  much  as  in  any  sense  trying  to  give  light.   The 
spirit  which  we  have,  and  the  spirit  which  we  have  found 
from  you,  and  delighted  to  have  found,  is  that  everybody 
is  wanting  to  know  the  best  thing  to  do,  the  best  way  to  do 
it.   We  are  seeking  advice  and  counsel  as  well  as  help  and 
cooperation. 


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How  I  understand  that  in  your  various  conference  a 
large  number  of  topics  have  been  talked  about.  Mr.  '  Clif- 
ford showed  me  a  schedule  which  he  was  going  to  make  out, 
and  I  have  before  me  a  stenographic  copy  of  it,  which  I 
understand  you  all  have.   It  deals  with  a  great  many  sub- 
jects, and  will  of  course  afford  a  basis  upon  which  you 
can  report  to  the  people  of  your  own  states  and  the  com- 
missions of  which  you  are  members,  so  far  as  you  are  mem- 
bers of  state  councils,  the  general  character  of  the  pro- 
blems which  the  government  is  facing.   But  equally  of  course 
they  will  feel,  as  you  must  now  feel,  that  there  are  many 
things  in  this  list  and  r.any  things  not  in  this  list  about 
which  it  would  be  desirable  to  have  more  exact  and  definite 
information  than  you  now  have,  or  we  now  hav6,  in  such  form 
as  to  be  able  to  give  you  if  we  could  discover  such  subjects. 

I  understand  that  a  committee  has  been  appointed  which 
is  going  to  draft  into  specific  form  certain  subjects  about 
which  the  members  of  this  conference  have  felt  that  they 
would  like  to  have  as  explicit  information  as  we  can  give 
them.   I  think  that  is  a  most  fortunate  thing  to  have  done. 
That  will  enable  us  to  communicate  with  each  one  of  you  as 
fully  as  we  are  now  in  a  position  to  answer  the  questions 
asked,  and  as  information  comes  in  on  these  subjects  we  will 
be  able  to  send  it  to  you  directly. 

In  the  mean  time  probably  when  you  get  back  to  your 
several  homes  you  will  not  feel  that  this  one  conference 
exhausts  the  possibility  of  suggestion  from  you  to  us  or 
from  us  to  you.   You  are  going  to  be  out  in  the  states,  in 
contact  with  the  people.   We  in  Washington,  live  in  a  some- 
what obscuring  atmosphere.   We  are  nearly  all  public  offi«-'  . 
cials  in  Washington,  and  our  contact  with  the  people  is  at 
arm's  length.  We  get  letters,  and  we  get  newspapers,  but 


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you  see  people  and  talk  to  them,  and  if  each  one  of  you 
will  feel  that  we  in  Washington  want  you  to  reflect  for  us 
as  accurately  as  you  can  the  state  of  the  public  mind  in 
your  communities,  and  that  we  want  you  here  to  tell  us  the 
problems  which  present  themselves  in  your  states,  calling 
on  us  for  aid  when  it  is  a  thing  in  which  our  aid  can  be 
given,  giving  us  information  when  you  think  we  ought  to 
have  that  information  to  enable  us  to  make  up  a  sound 
judgment  upon  a  policy  --  in  other  words,  if  you  will  feel 
that  you  are  j\i9"t  &  part  of  us  for  the  time  being,  scat- 
tered out  through  the  United  States,  an  extension  as  it 
were  of  the  personality  of  the  Council  of  Defense  for  the 
purpose  of  keeping  in  touch  with  public  sentiment  and  the 
public  need  and  the  condition  of  public  affairs,  and  will 
report  to  us  as  the  nerves  report  to  the  brain,  just  send*:" 
ing  in  from  the  outside  to  the  center  all  the  time  the  in- 
formation and  suggestions  which  you  are  able  to  secure,  you 
will  add  very  greatly  to  the  services  which  you  have  al- 
ready rendered  by  coming  and  discussing  these  matters  with  us 

It  seems  to  me  entirely  likely  that  the  Council  of  Na- 
tional Defense  may  ask  you  to  reassemble,  may  ask  you  to  come 
many  times,  if  it  be  true  that  we  are  in  for  a  long  siege, 
and  no  man  can  safely  express  an  opinion  as  to  the  length  of 
it,  but  if  it  be  true  that  our  country  has  not  only  to  bow 
its  back  to  the  burden  but  carry  the  burden  a  great  distance, 
then  there  may  be  frequent  occasions  when  the  Council  of  Na- 
tional Defense  will  send  out  telegraphic  requests  for  you  to 
reassemble  and  let  us  take  you  into  our  confidence  and  you 
take  us  into  yours  so  that  the  harmonious  relations  estab- 
lished by  this  conference  may  continue  and  the  efficiency 
of  our  cooperation  is  insured. 

I  unhappily  was  not  able  to  be  present  at  all  of  your 

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conferences  but  I  know  I.  speak  the  mind  of  my  associates 
of  the  Council  and  the  Advisory  Commission  when  I  thank 
you  for  coming  and  I  know  I  speak  the  President1 s  mind 
when  I  say  that  your  presence  here  and  your  deliberations 
make  us  feel  strong  for  the  task  which  we  have  in  common 
to  perform. 

Now  if  there  are  any  members  of  the  conference  who 
have  questions  which  they  feel  could  be  asked  at  this 
time  as  distinct  from  those  to  be  formulated  for  further 
consideration  and  report,  1   should  be  happy  if  I  could 
answer  such  questions, 

MR*  SMITH,  OF  TENNESSEE:   Mr.  Secretary,  following 
your  statements  a  few  moments  ago  some  of  my  colleagues 
stated  that  they  did  not  wish  to  leave  without  some  for- 
mal expression  upon  the  part  of  the  conference  as  to  its 
work  and  if  possible  the  limits  of  the  conference. 

The  men  who  have  come  here  from  every  state  in  the 
Union  have  been  wonderfully  impressed  with  the  terrific 
importance  of  this  meeting,  and  the  enormous  amount  of 
energy  and  brain  force  that  is  being  expended  to  bring 
this  gigantic  task  to  a  successful  conclusion.   Further- 
more, we  have  been  impressed  with  the  high  sense  of  pa- 
triotism and  honest  duty  that  is  being  put  into  this  ef- 
fort by  the  greatest  men  in  this  country  without  the  hope 
of  pay  or  the  hope  of  reward,  such  men  as  Mr.  Willard,  and 
Mr.  Rosenwald,  and  those  associates  that  are  with  them. 
Those  things  bring  to  mind  this,  that  if  the  greatest  minds 
in  business,  in  science,  and  in  education  can  be  brought 
into  the  full  play  and  command  of  this  great  country  like 
they  are  doing,  free  of  charge,  I  certainly  can  assure  this 
Council  the  full  cooperation  of  every  citizen  of  Tennessee, 
absolutely  without  cost,  freely  and  voluntarily.   The  same 


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may  truly  be  said  of  every  state  in  this  Union. 

We  have  not  in  the  past  been  prepared  as  a  govern- 
ment, but  w:  are  prepared  as  citizens,  and  so  long  as  we 
produce  great  business  men,  great  scientists,  and  eminent 
scholars  like  those  who  have  discussed  these  momentous 
questions  with  us  yesterday  and  today,  the  Union  is  pre- 
pared and  can  withstand  the  onslaughts  of  the  world, 
(Applause)  . 

SECRETARY  BAKER:   Of  course  it  is  a  very  great  de- 
light to  us,  who  are  constantly  here,  to  find  that  our 
good  fortune   is  discovered.   We  know  from,  constant  and 
daily  association  with  the  men  of  affairs  throughout  the 
country  just  how  complete  their  loyalty  and  self-sacri- 
fice is.   All  of  us  are  getting  bushels  of  letters  from 
men  everywhere  in  the  country  offering  services  of  a  per- 
sonal character,  offering  their  fortunes  and  their  lives  '■■■ 
to  the  service  of  the  country,  and  it  is  certainly  a  most 
striking  and  significant  thing  that  by  simply  an  unoffi- 
cial request,  or  a  request  hardly  officially  authorized, 
men  of  the  largest  affairs  have  been  willing  to  leave  their 
intricate  business  engagements  and  come  to  work  as  volun- 
teers here  in  the  hard  work  of  this  government  organiza- 
tion  without  recompense  in  money,  without  dignity,  so  far 
as  title  of  official  distinction  is  concerned,  and  without 
the  slightest  hope  of  ever  being  distinguished  from  their 
fello.v  men  as  having  really  served  in  a  great  crisis.  When 
they  are  bearing  the  greatest  part  of  the  burden,  it  is  nice 
to  know  that  it  is  discovered  by  you,  and  that  your  people 
out  in  your  home  states  Will  be  told  that  the  genius,  the 
brains  and  the  ability  of  America  is  flowing  in  a  voluntary 
stream  to  the  capital  city  and  tendering  itself  in  willing 
service  in  our  national  emergency. 


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On  behalf  of  my  associates,  gentlemen,  I  thank  you 
heartily  for  having  come,  and  so  far  as  this  particular 
meeting  is  concerned,  declare  it  adjourned.  (Applause). 

Thereupon  the  meeting  adjourned  at  5.30  P.  M. 


£  6-& 


■   • 


MEMORANDUM  OF  STATE  ORGANIZATION  FOR  WAR 
Presented  to  Conference,  'Wednesday  May  2,1917. 

The  conditions  of  modern  warfare  require  thorough 
coordination  of  national,  state,  county,  municipal  and 
individual  resources  and  abilities,   If  democracy  is 
successful  to  defeat  autocracy,  broad-minded  cooperation 
of  all  units  is  imperative.   To  this  end  the  Council  of 
National  Defense  has  called  a  meeting  of  state  represen- 
tatives tc  consider  the  creation  and  effective  use  of 
State  Councils  of  Defense  to  act  in  harmony  with  the  Na- 
tional Council, 

A  plan  for  state  organization  has  been  worked  out  and 
is  submitted  in  the  interest  of  uniformity  for  the  adoption 
of  the  states  which  have  not  already  acted.   The  follow- 
ing text  is  explanatory  of  a  chart  of  organization  at- 
tached hereto : 

I.  COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFEASE.   Composed  of  Secre- 
taries Of  Yv'ar,  Navy,  Interior,  Agriculture,  Commerce  and 
Labor;  created  by  an  act  of  Congress;  aided  by  a  civilian 
Advisory  Ccmmiss  ion . 

11 •  1ML   STATS  COUNCIL  OF  DEFENSE.  The  National  Coun- 
cil of  Defense  recommends  that  the  atatss  appoint   State 
Councils  of  Defense,   Each  state  council  of  defense  should 
elect  a  chairman  as  its  executive  head. 

The  State  Councils  of  Defense  should  cooperate  with 
each  ether  and  With  the  Federal  Government  in  organizing 
and  directing  the  resources  of  the  state  in  men  and  mater- 
ials, to  make  them  available  and  effective  for  national 
use,  and  should  recommend  changes  in  the  state  laws  which 
may  become  expedient.   When  the  State  Council  exercises 


State  War  Organization  -  3 

its  powers  and  duties  on  a  given  subject  at  the  request 
of  the  Council  of  National  Defense,  it  is  suggested  that 
the  work  should  be  done  in  the  manner  and  form  prescribed 
by  the  National  Council. 

III.   DISTRIBUTION  OF  FUNCTIONS.   The  following 
committees  are  suggested  as  probably  expedient  for  appoint- 
ment in  most  states: 

!•   Finance .   This  committee  should  be  a  commit- 
tee on  ways  and  means,  where  necessary,  also 
should  be  a  committee  on  administration  of 
funds  appropriated  for  the  use  of  the  state 
council,, 

2*  SsSLiSJJ'JD   Tbis  committee  should  have  the 
duty  of" "controlling  and  disseminating  infor- 
mation and  carrying  on  the  needed  propaganda, 
having  to  do  with  the  work  of  the  Council. 
It  should  also  conduct  the  educational  work 
found  necessary  by  the  several  committees* 

3»  Legal ,  This  committee  will  advise  the  coun- 
cil on  legal  matters. . 

4«  Coordination  of  Societies.  The  function  of 
this  cbaimittee  should  be  "the  coordination  of 
the  activities  of  the  State  Council  with  all 
bodies  working  in  similar  fields0 

5»  Sanitation  and  Medicine,  This  committee 
should  "deal "with  "all  matters  relating  to 
hygiene,  medicine  and  sanitations 


7. 


- 1 


6«  Food  Supply  and  Conservation.  The  supply,  dis- 
tribution and"  conservation  of  food,  the  avoid- 
ance of  waste  and  all  the  other  various  allied 
subjects  areassigned  to  this  committee. 

Indus trial  Survey t   The  purposes  of  a  state 
industrial  survey  are  to  supplement  the  sur- 
vey of  the  Naval  Consulting  Board  now  in  the 
hands  of  the  Council  of  National  Defense  with 
information  relative  to  plants  not  included 
in  that  survey,  to  bring  that  survey  up  to 
date,  and  to  include  such  other  data  as  may 
later  be  determined.   The  appointment  of  this 
committee  be  delayed  until  a  definite  rec- 
ommendation is  made  by  the  Council  of  Nation- 
al Defense; for  the  making  of  this  survey  is 
not  recommended  at  present, 

8«   Survey  of  Man-Power,   Until  the  Federal  Govern- 
ment determines  on  the  method  of  registration 


State  War  Organization  -  5 

of  man  power   it    is   impossible  to  formulate  an 
exact  plan  which  will  meet  both  state  and 

■    federal    requirements. 

9,   Labor »      This   committee    is   concerned  with  the 
supply,    distribution  and  welfare  of  labor, 

10.  Military  Affaire,      The  primary  duty  of  this 
commi  c  c~ee  "will  be  cooperation  with  the  Federal 
Government    in  tne   creation   of   the  National 
Army.      It    should   also  deal  with   a  state  guard 
when  authorised.      When  the   regular  army  or  the 
National    Guard,    or  both,    are   to  be  brought  up 
to  war  strength  an   important    recruiting  duty 
will   devolve  upon   this  committee  and   it  may 
also  render  valuable    service  by  assisting    in   the 
selection  and  procuring   of  camp   sites   and   faci- 
lities, 

11.  State  Protection,      This  committee  should  keep 
a  watchful    oversight  upon  al]    important   points 
of  possible  danger  to  the   state  with  the   idea 
of  planning   and  providing   necessary  military  or 
civil  protection, 

12 »    Transportation,      There    is  net   likely  to  be  need 
for  local  assistance  to  the  National  Government 
in  the   railroad   field!      Electric  and  motor  trans- 
portation deserve   and   should  receive  careful   con- 
sideration,     Highways   and  waterways  s-re  of  great 
importance  and   their   conditions    throughout   the 
state   should   receive  careful    study, 

13.   Local  Councils  of  Defense  should  be  organized  in 
such  manner "as  "each  "state  council  may  determine 
to   extend  its  activities  throughout   the   state, 

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MEMORANDUM  OF  SOME  MATTERS  ON  WHICH  STATE  COUNCILS 
ARE  ASKED  TO  ASSIST  THE  FEDERAL  GOVERNMENT: 

Presented  to  the  Conference  Thursday,  March  3, 

Promote  patriotic  spirit.   Educate  as  to  magnitude 
of  task  ahead* 

Aid  in  recruiting  for  National  Guard, 

Aid  in  recruiting  for  Regular  Array  <, 

Assist  in  the  carrying  out  of  the  enrollment  for  the 
Army  to  be  raised  by  conscription, 

Plan  holiday  for  day  of  enrollment. 

Assist  in  determination  of  exemptions  from  draft 
on  account  of  industrial,  agricultural  and  other 
reasons , 

Assist  in  recruiting  the  additional  to  the  Navy 
which  is  new  proposed. 

Maintain  standards  in  the  matter  of  labor,  includ- 
ing health  and  welfare  of  workers.  Also  maintain 
standards  of  living. 

Prepare  system  of  clearing  houses  so  that  the  worker 
and  the  employer  may  be  put  in  contact  with  each 
other o 

Assist  in  getting  workers  to  use  their  irbroken  time" 
in  helping  farmers. 

Assist  in  getting  idle  workers  to  help  on  farms « 

Get  boys  below  military  age  to  assist  on  farms. 

It  is  requested  that  the  representatives  of  the 
governors  telegraph  today  to  their  home  States 
and  make  an  effort  to  get  into  the  camps  for 
Reserve  Officers  some  of  the  older  and  more  res- 
ponsible men,  as  according  to  present  plans  the 
men  going  to  the  first  camps  will  probably  be  ad- 
vanced in  the  near  future  and  it  is  necessary  to 


■  -'C-  !  ~j    ..:.' 


Memorandum  to  State  Council 9  -  3 
have  older  men  of  greater  responsibility  to 
fill  these  grades.   This  class  of  men  whether 
possessed  of  wjlitary  experience  or  not  is 
needed  at  once.    It  is  most  important  for  the 
governors  cf  States  to  keep  in  touch  with  the 
training  camps  in  their  locality  to  help  keep 
the  men  cheerful  and  to  explain  to  them  that  al- 
though the  course  may  seem  elementary  it  has 
been  carefully  worked  out  with  the  assistance 
and  advice  of  some  of  foreign  officers.   This 
is  considered  most  important. 

Help  in  cultivation  Of  lands  within  0.  S.  irriga- 
tion projects. 

On  these  water  and  land  are  available  without 
the  usual  restriction. 

Urge  similar  use  cf  private  irrigation  projects., 

Urge  land  grant  railroads  to  permit  use  of  their 
lands  for  cultivation  and  grazing  under  war  con- 
ditions „ 

State  lands  should  be  similarly  used„ 

Have  Mining  Bureaus  communicate  with  Director  of 
Bureau  of  Mines  about  possibilities  cf  increased 
production  of  minerals  for  war  use. 

Help  to  secure  lessees  for  Indian  lands  in  Montana, 
Idaho,  Wyoming  and  Utah* 

Afford  every  facility  in  aiding  the  federal  govern- 
ment to  collect  its  war  revenue. 

To  assist  in  the  floatation  of  the  Liberty  Loan  of 
1917  as  soon  as  the  conditions  of  its  sale  are 
arranged. 

Put  state  engineering  forces  in  touch  with  Coast 
and  Geodetic  Survey  for  7Jar  surveying  purposes. 

Have  fish  Commissions  work  with  Commissioner  of 


Memorandum  to  State  Council a  -  3 

Fisheries  in  relation  to  marine  food  supply* 

A  central  food  production  committee  affiliated  with 
State  Council  of  Defense  should  be  created  in  each  State, 
perhaps  including  in  its  membership  representatives  of 
farmers  organisations  and  the  land  grant  college  and 
agricultural  extension  work,  the  State  Agricultural  or 
Dairy  Commissioner,  and  representatives  of  business  and 
banking a 

Every  county  should  be  organised  in  cooperation  with 
the  State  Food  Production  committee t   County  agents  of 
the  Department  of  Agriculture  should  be  on  county  commit- 
tees* 

Subdivisions  of  counties  should  be  organized  similar- 
ly. 

Better  methods  of  farming  should  be  encouraged. 
Agricultural  colleges  and  the  Department  of  Agriculture 
are  sending  out  appropriate  bulletins  and  circulars* 

Staple  non-perishable  food  crops  should  be  increased 
as  much  as  possible. 

Every  community  should  supply  its  own  food  require- 
ments as  far  as  it  can.   Crops  should  be  planted  with  re- 
ference first  to  the  needs  of  the  home  and  with  special 
emphasis  on  the  needs  of  next  winter* 

In  some  sections  a  campaign  is  needed  to  encourage 
the  greater  use  of  home-grown  foods,  for  example,  corn  in 
the  corn  belt,  thus  reduce  imports. 

Reduce  waste  in  the  home. 

Provide  means  for  preserving  and  drying  food  pro- 
ducts in  communities  where  such  assistance  is  needed. 


-^7 


/ 


i 
— — 


Memorandum  to  State  Councils  -  4 

The  Federal  Department  of  Agriculture  proposes  to 
place  in  each  State  a  representative  to  cooperate  with 
the  central  committee  or  other  authorities  in  ascertain- 
ing and  satisfying  needs  for  labor.   Steps  arc  being 
taken  to  safeguard  the  seed  supply  and  to  assure  seed 
stocks  next  autumn;   Department  activities  relating  to 
the  present  emergency  needs  are  being  increased  as  far 
as  possible,  —  this  includes  greater  activity  against 
live  stock  diseases,  insect  depredations  and  other  hin- 
drances against  production  and  conservation. 

Measures  are  under  consideration  in  the  Congress: 

To  gi"Te  po--;er  to  the  Government  to  es- 
tablish guaranteed  minimum  prices  for  the  en- 
couragement of  the  production  of  staple  foods 
and  to  establish  maximum  prices  to  prevent 
improper  manipulation  or  gambling. 

To  provide  for  additional  county  agents. 

To  authorize  the  establishment  of  grades 
for  food  pioducta  and  to  empower  the  Secre- 
tary of  Agriculture  to  take  ether  steps  to 
safeguard  the  food  supply ■> 

*  :V  ******************** 


-7  /Z/ 


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